Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Changed by Marcin Czarniecki, 23 Feb 2017

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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is at one end of the spectrum of disease caused by pulmonary aspergillosis and can be classified as an eosinophilic lung disease 2-4.

Epidemiology

This entity is seen is almost only encountered in patients with longstanding asthma, and only occasionally in patients with cystic fibrosis 4-5.  Only rarely does it appear in patients with no other identifiable pulmonary illness 5

In general, patients are young and are diagnosed before the age of 40 years 9.

Clinical presentation

Clinically, patients have atopic symptoms (especially asthma) and present with recurrent chest infection. They may expectorate orange-coloured mucous plugs.

A clinical staging system has been developed 9:

  • stage I: acute
  • stage II: remission
  • stage III: recurrent exacerbation
  • stage IV: steroid-dependent asthma
  • stage V: pulmonary fibrosis

Major and minor criteria have also been established 5-6.

  • major criteria
    • clinical
    • radiographic features
    • immune system
      • blood eosinophilia
      • immediate skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen (elevated IgG and/or IgE against A.fumigatus)
      • increased serum IgE (>1000 IU/ml)
  • minor criteria
    • fungal elements in sputum
    • expectoration of brown plugs/flecks
    • delayed skin reactivity to fungal antigens

Pathology

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is the result of hypersensitivity towards Aspergillus spp which grows within the lumen of the bronchi, without invasion. The hypersensitivity initially causes bronchospasm and bronchial wall oedema, which is IgE-mediated. Ultimately, there is bronchial wall damage with loss of muscle and bronchial wall cartilage resulting in bronchiectasis (typically central bronchiectasis7. Both type I and type III allergic reactions have been implicated 4.

Bronchocentric granulomatosis often occurs, which is characterised by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation that destroys the walls of small bronchi and bronchioles. Macroscopically, the mucous plugs are orange / brown in colour.

Segmental and subsegmental bronchi are dilated and filled with mucous, admixed with eosinophils and occasional fungal hyphae 4,7. Charcot-Leyden crystals may be prominent 7

Markers

Laboratory findings include:

  • elevated Aspergillus specific-specific IgE
  • elevated precipitating IgG against Aspergillus
  • peripheral eosinophilia
  • positive skin test

Radiographic features

Plain radiograph

Early in the disease chest x-rays will appear normal, or only demonstrate changes of asthma. Transient patchy areas of consolidation may be evident representing eosinophilic pneumonia

Eventually, bronchiectasis may be evident. Mucoid impaction in dilated bronchi can appear mass-like or sausage shaped or branching opacities (finger in glove sign). Pulmonary collapse may be seen as a consequence of endobronchial mucoid impaction. 

CT 

CT findings include:

  • fleeting pulmonary alveolar opacities: common
  • centrilobular nodules representing dilated and opacified bronchioles 4
  • bronchiectasis
    • central, upper lobe saccular bronchiectasis involving segmental and subsegmental bronchi is characteristic
    • mucoid impaction results in a bronchocoele, the finger in glove sign 
    • this may give a Y, V or toothpaste-like like configuration
    • centrilobular nodular opacities.
    • high attenuation (calcification) in impacted mucus in ~30% 3-4
    • bronchial wall thickening: common
  • chronic disease may progress to pulmonary fibrosis, predominantly in the upper lobe
  • cavitation: 10%

Treatment and prognosis

Treatment of ABPA is difficult due to the ubiquity of Aspergillus in the environment. The main focus of treatment revolves around 8

  • managing asthma
  • limiting/controlling exacerbations: corticosteroid plays a major role
  • eradicating Aspergillus from the airway: antifungals, e.g. Ketoconazole
  • preventing late complications, e.g. severe bronchiectasis, fibrosis

Many patients are successfully managed after diagnosis and never progress to stage IV or V. In stages I to III prognosis is excellent, whereas stage V has a high 5-year mortality from respiratory failure 9.

Differential diagnosis

For a discussion of the differential diagnosis of bronchiectasis please refer to the article bronchiectasis and more specifically central bronchiectasis

For mucoid impaction consider:

  • -<li>elevated <em>Aspergillus</em> specific IgE</li>
  • +<li>elevated <em>Aspergillus</em>-specific IgE</li>
  • -</ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><p>Early in the disease chest x-rays will appear normal, or only demonstrate changes of asthma. Transient patchy areas of consolidation may be evident representing <a href="/articles/eosinophilic_pneumonia">eosinophilic pneumonia</a>. </p><p>Eventually, <a href="/articles/bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a> may be evident. Mucoid impaction in dilated bronchi can appear mass-like or sausage shaped or branching opacities (<a href="/articles/finger-in-glove-sign">finger in glove sign</a>). Pulmonary collapse may be seen as a consequence of endobronchial mucoid impaction. </p><h5>CT </h5><p>CT findings include:</p><ul>
  • +</ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><p>Early in the disease chest x-rays will appear normal, or only demonstrate changes of asthma. Transient patchy areas of consolidation may be evident representing <a href="/articles/eosinophilic_pneumonia">eosinophilic pneumonia</a>. </p><p>Eventually, <a href="/articles/bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a> may be evident. Mucoid impaction in dilated bronchi can appear mass-like or sausage shaped or branching opacities (<a href="/articles/finger-in-glove-sign-lung">finger in glove sign</a>). Pulmonary collapse may be seen as a consequence of endobronchial mucoid impaction. </p><h5>CT </h5><p>CT findings include:</p><ul>
  • -<li>mucoid impaction results in a <a href="/articles/bronchocoele">bronchocoele</a>, the <a href="/articles/finger-in-glove-sign">finger in glove sign</a> </li>
  • +<li>mucoid impaction results in a <a href="/articles/bronchocoele">bronchocoele</a>, the <a href="/articles/finger-in-glove-sign-lung">finger in glove sign</a> </li>
  • -</ul><p>Many patients are successfully managed after diagnosis and never progress to stage IV or V. In stages I to III prognosis is excellent, whereas stage V has a high 5-year mortality from respiratory failure <sup>9</sup>.</p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>For a discussion of the differential diagnosis of bronchiectasis please refer to the article <a href="/articles/bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a> and more specifically <a href="/articles/central-bronchiectasis">central bronchiectasis</a>. </p><p>For <a href="/articles/mucoid-impaction-lung">mucoid impaction</a> consider:</p><ul>
  • +</ul><p>Many patients are successfully managed after diagnosis and never progress to stage IV or V. In stages I to III prognosis is excellent, whereas stage V has a high 5-year mortality from respiratory failure <sup>9</sup>.</p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>For a discussion of the differential diagnosis of bronchiectasis please refer to the article <a href="/articles/bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a> and more specifically <a href="/articles/central-bronchiectasis">central bronchiectasis</a>. </p><p>For <a href="/articles/mucoid-impaction-lung-1">mucoid impaction</a> consider:</p><ul>

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