A generalized retardation in skeletal maturation has different causative or etiological factors, these can be classified as follows:
-
chronic ill health
- congenital heart disease (especially cyanotic)
- chronic renal disease
- inflammatory bowel disease
- malnutrition: failure to thrive (FTT)
- rickets
- maternal deprivation
- intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
- infant of toxemic mother
-
endocrine disorders
- hypothyroidism: cretinism and Van Wyk Grumbach syndrome
- hypopituitarism with growth hormone deficiency (e.g. idiopathic, craniopharyngioma)
- hypogonadism (e.g. Turner syndrome)
- Cushing disease / steroid therapy
- diabetes: juvenile
- Addison disease (adrenal insufficiency): uncommon
- hypoparathyroidism: uncommon
- systemic diseases
- chromosomal disorders
-
congenital disorders
- congenital syndromes of dwarfism or intellectual disability
- Cleidocranial dysostosis
-
neurologic disorders
- cerebral hypoplasia
-
others: (normal variation)
- small for gestational age neonate
- idiopathic: familial short stature