Describing a fracture is a basic requirement when making an assessment of a plain radiograph. There are many ways to approach the assessment of the radiograph; this is just one approach.
1. Projections and clinical history
What radiograph (or radiographs) are you looking at? Check the who, what, why, when, and where.
2. Fracture type
When describing a fracture, the first thing to mention is what type of fracture it is. Broadly, these can be split into:
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complete: all the way through the bone
transverse: straight across the bone
oblique: an oblique line across the bone
spiral: looks like a corkscrew
comminuted: more than 2 parts to the fracture
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incomplete: the whole cortex is not broken
bowing: the long bone has been bent
buckle: the fracture is of the concave surface
greenstick: the fracture is on the convex surface
Salter-Harris: fractures that involve the growth plate
3. Fracture location
The next thing to describe is the bone that is involved and what part of the bone is affected:
diaphysis: the shaft of the bone
metaphysis: the widening portion adjacent to the growth plate
epiphysis: the end of the bone adjacent to the joint
In some cases, you will use the anatomical name for a part of the bone, e.g. the metacarpals have a base, shaft, neck, and head.
4. Fracture displacement
Once you have an idea of where it is and what type of fracture it is, you need to be able to describe what it looks like.
Fracture displacement describes what has happened to the bone during the fracture. In general, when describing a fracture, the body is assumed to be in the anatomic position and the injury is then described in terms of the distal component displacement in relation to the proximal component.
Displacement can include one or more of:
distraction or impaction
5. Anything else
Joint involvement
It is really important to determine whether the joint surface is involved by the fracture. If the fracture does extend to the joint, the patient will probably need to have a different treatment, and it is much more likely that they will need a surgical procedure.
Other fractures
Always finish off by checking for other fractures. Also, check that you have imaged enough of the patient. If they have pain in the joints above or below a fracture, it may well be worth getting an x-ray of that joint too.
Underlying bone lesion
Assess the underlying bone. Is it normal or could there be an abnormality making this a pathological fracture? The underlying bone abnormality could be aggressive or non-aggressive in nature.
Examples
With all that considered, here are some descriptions of fractures:
Transverse fracture of the mid-to-distal third of the right tibia. No significant angulation, but ventral (80%) and lateral (10%) translation.
Spiral fracture of the distal third of the left tibia. Mild varus angulation, lateral translation and angulation. The fracture does not extend to the joint surface.
Buckle fracture of the left distal radius with no significant displacement.