Emphysematous prostatitis

Emphysematous prostatitis refers to gas-forming infection of the prostate, nearly always occurring concurrently with prostatic abscess.

Epidemiology

The condition is rare, most commonly presenting in males aged 50-70 years, and usually confined to certain patient subgroups ^1,2.

Risk factors

Risk factors include ^1,2:

• diabetes mellitus (most common)
• liver cirrhosis
• urinary retention (e.g. bladder obstruction, neurogenic bladder)
• indwelling catheterisation
• immunocompromised state
• recent instrumentation to the urethra or prostate

Clinical presentation

Clinical features are non-specific, often with lower urinary tract signs, such as dysuria, lower abdominal or perineal pain, increased urinary frequency, and urinary urgency, and systemic features of infection, such as fever ^1,2. Digital rectal examination is also non-specific, with potential findings being prostatic enlargement, fluctuance, and pain ^1,2.

Pathology

Emphysematous prostatitis is typically a complication of acute bacterial prostatitis, which itself is often a complication of urinary tract infections that ascend to the prostatic ducts ^1-3. Causative pathogens are generally Gram negative organisms, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae (most common in one review ¹), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis ^1-4.

The gas produced in emphysematous prostatitis may be produced via two mechanisms ^1-4:

• necrotic infective tissues fermenting glucose into carbon dioxide
• gas-producing organisms

Radiographic features

Plain radiograph

Features of emphysematous prostatitis arecan be subtle on conventional radiography and may be difficult to differentiate from normal bowel gas ^1-6. Typically, there will be globular regions of increased lucencyradiolucency in the area of the prostate, which is characteristically overlying the pubic rami ^1-6.

Ultrasound

Transrectal ultrasound may be useful in diagnosing emphysematous prostatitis, whereby the prostate will be diffusely hypoechogenic with acoustic gas shadows ^1,3,6. However, it may be difficult to differentiate gas shadows from other causes of shadows, such as prostatic calcification ¹.

CT

CT is the most commonly utilised modality for diagnosing emphysematous prostatitis, and demonstrates collections of gas within the prostate parenchyma ^1-6. Additionally, CT will also reveal features of concurrent acute prostatitis and prostatic abscess, which are both nearly always present ².

MRI

Although less available than CT, MRI is also highly sensitive for demonstrating loculations of gas within prostatic parenchyma, and other concurrent pathologies as aforementioned ^2,3.

Treatment and prognosis

ManagementAs it nearly always occurs alongside prostatic abscess, management is identical to that of prostatic abscess. Thus, percutaneous ultrasound-guided or CT-guided transperineal or transrectal drainage is often considered the first choice for therapy, with concurrent broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage ^1,2.

The mortality rate of emphysematous prostatitis is 25%, higher than that of non-emphysematous prostatic abscess, and also higher than that of emphysematous pyelonephritis and emphysematous cystitis ¹.

History and etymology

The first case was described by Albert J Mariani, an American urologist, and his colleagues in 1983 ⁶.