{"countries":[{"id":4,"name":"Afghanistan","region_id":1},{"id":17,"name":"Åland Islands","region_id":1},{"id":7,"name":"Albania","region_id":1},{"id":64,"name":"Algeria","region_id":1},{"id":13,"name":"American Samoa","region_id":3},{"id":2,"name":"Andorra","region_id":1},{"id":10,"name":"Angola","region_id":1},{"id":6,"name":"Anguilla","region_id":1},{"id":11,"name":"Antarctica","region_id":1},{"id":5,"name":"Antigua and Barbuda","region_id":1},{"id":12,"name":"Argentina","region_id":1},{"id":8,"name":"Armenia","region_id":1},{"id":16,"name":"Aruba","region_id":1},{"id":15,"name":"Australia","region_id":2},{"id":14,"name":"Austria","region_id":1},{"id":18,"name":"Azerbaijan","region_id":1},{"id":34,"name":"Bahamas","region_id":1},{"id":25,"name":"Bahrain","region_id":1},{"id":21,"name":"Bangladesh","region_id":1},{"id":20,"name":"Barbados","region_id":1},{"id":38,"name":"Belarus","region_id":1},{"id":22,"name":"Belgium","region_id":1},{"id":39,"name":"Belize","region_id":1},{"id":27,"name":"Benin","region_id":1},{"id":29,"name":"Bermuda","region_id":1},{"id":35,"name":"Bhutan","region_id":1},{"id":31,"name":"Bolivia","region_id":1},{"id":32,"name":"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba","region_id":1},{"id":19,"name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","region_id":1},{"id":37,"name":"Botswana","region_id":1},{"id":36,"name":"Bouvet Island","region_id":1},{"id":33,"name":"Brazil","region_id":1},{"id":108,"name":"British Indian Ocean Territory","region_id":1},{"id":30,"name":"Brunei Darussalam","region_id":1},{"id":24,"name":"Bulgaria","region_id":1},{"id":23,"name":"Burkina Faso","region_id":1},{"id":26,"name":"Burundi","region_id":1},{"id":119,"name":"Cambodia","region_id":1},{"id":49,"name":"Cameroon","region_id":1},{"id":40,"name":"Canada","region_id":1},{"id":54,"name":"Cape Verde","region_id":1},{"id":126,"name":"Cayman Islands","region_id":1},{"id":43,"name":"Central African Republic","region_id":1},{"id":217,"name":"Chad","region_id":1},{"id":48,"name":"Chile","region_id":1},{"id":50,"name":"China","region_id":1},{"id":56,"name":"Christmas Island","region_id":1},{"id":41,"name":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","region_id":1},{"id":51,"name":"Colombia","region_id":1},{"id":121,"name":"Comoros","region_id":1},{"id":44,"name":"Congo","region_id":1},{"id":42,"name":"Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The","region_id":1},{"id":47,"name":"Cook Islands","region_id":1},{"id":52,"name":"Costa Rica","region_id":1},{"id":46,"name":"Côte D'Ivoire","region_id":1},{"id":100,"name":"Croatia","region_id":1},{"id":53,"name":"Cuba","region_id":1},{"id":55,"name":"Curaçao","region_id":1},{"id":57,"name":"Cyprus","region_id":1},{"id":58,"name":"Czech Republic","region_id":1},{"id":61,"name":"Denmark","region_id":1},{"id":60,"name":"Djibouti","region_id":1},{"id":62,"name":"Dominica","region_id":1},{"id":63,"name":"Dominican Republic","region_id":1},{"id":65,"name":"Ecuador","region_id":1},{"id":67,"name":"Egypt","region_id":1},{"id":212,"name":"El Salvador","region_id":1},{"id":90,"name":"Equatorial Guinea","region_id":1},{"id":69,"name":"Eritrea","region_id":1},{"id":66,"name":"Estonia","region_id":1},{"id":71,"name":"Ethiopia","region_id":1},{"id":74,"name":"Falkland Islands (Malvinas)","region_id":1},{"id":76,"name":"Faroe Islands","region_id":1},{"id":73,"name":"Fiji","region_id":1},{"id":72,"name":"Finland","region_id":1},{"id":77,"name":"France","region_id":1},{"id":82,"name":"French Guiana","region_id":1},{"id":177,"name":"French Polynesia","region_id":1},{"id":218,"name":"French Southern Territories","region_id":1},{"id":78,"name":"Gabon","region_id":1},{"id":87,"name":"Gambia","region_id":1},{"id":81,"name":"Georgia","region_id":1},{"id":59,"name":"Germany","region_id":1},{"id":84,"name":"Ghana","region_id":1},{"id":85,"name":"Gibraltar","region_id":1},{"id":91,"name":"Greece","region_id":1},{"id":86,"name":"Greenland","region_id":1},{"id":80,"name":"Grenada","region_id":1},{"id":89,"name":"Guadeloupe","region_id":1},{"id":94,"name":"Guam","region_id":1},{"id":93,"name":"Guatemala","region_id":1},{"id":83,"name":"Guernsey","region_id":1},{"id":88,"name":"Guinea","region_id":1},{"id":95,"name":"Guinea-Bissau","region_id":1},{"id":96,"name":"Guyana","region_id":1},{"id":101,"name":"Haiti","region_id":1},{"id":98,"name":"Heard and McDonald Islands","region_id":1},{"id":238,"name":"Holy See (Vatican City State)","region_id":1},{"id":99,"name":"Honduras","region_id":1},{"id":97,"name":"Hong Kong","region_id":1},{"id":102,"name":"Hungary","region_id":1},{"id":111,"name":"Iceland","region_id":1},{"id":107,"name":"India","region_id":1},{"id":103,"name":"Indonesia","region_id":1},{"id":110,"name":"Iran, Islamic Republic Of","region_id":1},{"id":109,"name":"Iraq","region_id":1},{"id":104,"name":"Ireland","region_id":1},{"id":106,"name":"Isle of Man","region_id":1},{"id":105,"name":"Israel","region_id":1},{"id":112,"name":"Italy","region_id":1},{"id":114,"name":"Jamaica","region_id":1},{"id":116,"name":"Japan","region_id":1},{"id":113,"name":"Jersey","region_id":1},{"id":115,"name":"Jordan","region_id":1},{"id":127,"name":"Kazakhstan","region_id":1},{"id":117,"name":"Kenya","region_id":1},{"id":120,"name":"Kiribati","region_id":1},{"id":123,"name":"Korea, Democratic People's Republic Of","region_id":1},{"id":124,"name":"Korea, Republic of","region_id":1},{"id":252,"name":"Kosovo","region_id":1},{"id":125,"name":"Kuwait","region_id":1},{"id":118,"name":"Kyrgyzstan","region_id":1},{"id":128,"name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","region_id":1},{"id":137,"name":"Latvia","region_id":1},{"id":129,"name":"Lebanon","region_id":1},{"id":134,"name":"Lesotho","region_id":1},{"id":133,"name":"Liberia","region_id":1},{"id":138,"name":"Libya","region_id":1},{"id":131,"name":"Liechtenstein","region_id":1},{"id":135,"name":"Lithuania","region_id":1},{"id":136,"name":"Luxembourg","region_id":1},{"id":150,"name":"Macao","region_id":1},{"id":146,"name":"Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic Of","region_id":1},{"id":144,"name":"Madagascar","region_id":1},{"id":158,"name":"Malawi","region_id":1},{"id":160,"name":"Malaysia","region_id":1},{"id":157,"name":"Maldives","region_id":1},{"id":147,"name":"Mali","region_id":1},{"id":155,"name":"Malta","region_id":1},{"id":145,"name":"Marshall Islands","region_id":1},{"id":152,"name":"Martinique","region_id":1},{"id":153,"name":"Mauritania","region_id":1},{"id":156,"name":"Mauritius","region_id":1},{"id":248,"name":"Mayotte","region_id":1},{"id":159,"name":"Mexico","region_id":1},{"id":75,"name":"Micronesia, Federated States Of","region_id":1},{"id":141,"name":"Moldova, Republic of","region_id":1},{"id":140,"name":"Monaco","region_id":1},{"id":149,"name":"Mongolia","region_id":1},{"id":142,"name":"Montenegro","region_id":1},{"id":154,"name":"Montserrat","region_id":1},{"id":139,"name":"Morocco","region_id":1},{"id":161,"name":"Mozambique","region_id":1},{"id":148,"name":"Myanmar","region_id":1},{"id":162,"name":"Namibia","region_id":1},{"id":171,"name":"Nauru","region_id":1},{"id":170,"name":"Nepal","region_id":1},{"id":168,"name":"Netherlands","region_id":1},{"id":9,"name":"Netherlands Antilles","region_id":1},{"id":163,"name":"New Caledonia","region_id":1},{"id":173,"name":"New Zealand","region_id":2},{"id":167,"name":"Nicaragua","region_id":1},{"id":164,"name":"Niger","region_id":1},{"id":166,"name":"Nigeria","region_id":1},{"id":172,"name":"Niue","region_id":1},{"id":165,"name":"Norfolk Island","region_id":1},{"id":151,"name":"Northern Mariana Islands","region_id":1},{"id":169,"name":"Norway","region_id":1},{"id":174,"name":"Oman","region_id":1},{"id":180,"name":"Pakistan","region_id":1},{"id":187,"name":"Palau","region_id":1},{"id":185,"name":"Palestine, State of","region_id":1},{"id":175,"name":"Panama","region_id":1},{"id":178,"name":"Papua New Guinea","region_id":1},{"id":188,"name":"Paraguay","region_id":1},{"id":176,"name":"Peru","region_id":1},{"id":179,"name":"Philippines","region_id":1},{"id":183,"name":"Pitcairn","region_id":1},{"id":181,"name":"Poland","region_id":1},{"id":186,"name":"Portugal","region_id":1},{"id":184,"name":"Puerto Rico","region_id":1},{"id":189,"name":"Qatar","region_id":1},{"id":190,"name":"Réunion","region_id":1},{"id":191,"name":"Romania","region_id":1},{"id":193,"name":"Russian Federation","region_id":1},{"id":194,"name":"Rwanda","region_id":1},{"id":28,"name":"Saint Barthélemy","region_id":1},{"id":201,"name":"Saint Helena","region_id":1},{"id":122,"name":"Saint Kitts And Nevis","region_id":1},{"id":130,"name":"Saint Lucia","region_id":1},{"id":143,"name":"Saint Martin","region_id":1},{"id":182,"name":"Saint Pierre And Miquelon","region_id":1},{"id":239,"name":"Saint Vincent And The Grenadines","region_id":1},{"id":246,"name":"Samoa","region_id":1},{"id":206,"name":"San Marino","region_id":1},{"id":211,"name":"Sao Tome and Principe","region_id":1},{"id":195,"name":"Saudi Arabia","region_id":1},{"id":207,"name":"Senegal","region_id":1},{"id":192,"name":"Serbia","region_id":1},{"id":197,"name":"Seychelles","region_id":1},{"id":205,"name":"Sierra Leone","region_id":1},{"id":200,"name":"Singapore","region_id":1},{"id":213,"name":"Sint Maarten","region_id":1},{"id":204,"name":"Slovakia","region_id":1},{"id":202,"name":"Slovenia","region_id":1},{"id":196,"name":"Solomon Islands","region_id":1},{"id":208,"name":"Somalia","region_id":1},{"id":249,"name":"South Africa","region_id":1},{"id":92,"name":"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands","region_id":1},{"id":210,"name":"South Sudan","region_id":1},{"id":70,"name":"Spain","region_id":1},{"id":132,"name":"Sri Lanka","region_id":1},{"id":198,"name":"Sudan","region_id":1},{"id":209,"name":"Suriname","region_id":1},{"id":203,"name":"Svalbard And Jan Mayen","region_id":1},{"id":215,"name":"Swaziland","region_id":1},{"id":199,"name":"Sweden","region_id":1},{"id":45,"name":"Switzerland","region_id":1},{"id":214,"name":"Syrian Arab Republic","region_id":1},{"id":230,"name":"Taiwan, Republic Of China","region_id":1},{"id":221,"name":"Tajikistan","region_id":1},{"id":231,"name":"Tanzania, United Republic of","region_id":1},{"id":220,"name":"Thailand","region_id":1},{"id":223,"name":"Timor-Leste","region_id":1},{"id":219,"name":"Togo","region_id":1},{"id":222,"name":"Tokelau","region_id":1},{"id":226,"name":"Tonga","region_id":1},{"id":228,"name":"Trinidad and Tobago","region_id":1},{"id":225,"name":"Tunisia","region_id":1},{"id":227,"name":"Turkey","region_id":1},{"id":224,"name":"Turkmenistan","region_id":1},{"id":216,"name":"Turks and Caicos Islands","region_id":1},{"id":229,"name":"Tuvalu","region_id":1},{"id":233,"name":"Uganda","region_id":1},{"id":232,"name":"Ukraine","region_id":1},{"id":3,"name":"United Arab Emirates","region_id":1},{"id":79,"name":"United Kingdom","region_id":4},{"id":235,"name":"United States","region_id":3},{"id":234,"name":"United States Minor Outlying Islands","region_id":3},{"id":236,"name":"Uruguay","region_id":1},{"id":237,"name":"Uzbekistan","region_id":1},{"id":244,"name":"Vanuatu","region_id":1},{"id":240,"name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","region_id":1},{"id":243,"name":"Vietnam","region_id":1},{"id":241,"name":"Virgin Islands, British","region_id":1},{"id":242,"name":"Virgin Islands, U.S.","region_id":1},{"id":245,"name":"Wallis and Futuna","region_id":1},{"id":68,"name":"Western Sahara","region_id":1},{"id":247,"name":"Yemen","region_id":1},{"id":250,"name":"Zambia","region_id":1},{"id":251,"name":"Zimbabwe","region_id":1}],"sub_specialties":{"en":[{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"General radiology","value":1},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Abdominal radiology","value":2},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Breast radiology","value":3},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Cardiac radiology","value":97},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Chest radiology","value":4},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Emergency radiology","value":98},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Head and neck radiology","value":99},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Interventional radiology","value":5},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Musculoskeletal radiology","value":6},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Neurointerventional radiology","value":7},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Neuroradiology","value":8},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Nuclear medicine","value":9},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Paediatric radiology","value":10},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Vascular radiology","value":100},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Women's imaging","value":11},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Other radiology","value":12},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"General pathology","value":13},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Anatomical pathology","value":14},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Chemical pathology","value":15},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Forensic pathology","value":16},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Haematology","value":17},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Other pathology","value":18},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"General medicine","value":19},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Cardiology","value":20},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Dermatology","value":21},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Emergency medicine","value":22},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Endocrinology","value":23},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Gastroenterology","value":24},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Geriatrician","value":25},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Haematology","value":26},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Immunology","value":27},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Infectious diseases","value":28},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Intensive care","value":29},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Internal medicine","value":30},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Palliative care","value":31},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Neonatalology","value":32},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Nephrology","value":33},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Neurology","value":34},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Obstetrics and/or gynaecology","value":35},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Oncology","value":36},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Ophthalmology","value":37},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Pain management","value":38},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Paediatrics","value":39},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Psychiatry","value":40},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Radiation oncology","value":41},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Rehabilitation medicine","value":42},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Respiratory medicine","value":43},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Rheumatology","value":44},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Other specialised medicine","value":45},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"General surgeon","value":46},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Cardiothoracic surgeon","value":47},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Colorectal surgeon","value":48},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Ear nose and throat surgeon","value":49},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Head and neck surgeon","value":50},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Hepatobiliary surgeon","value":51},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Maxillofacial surgeon","value":52},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Neurosurgeon","value":53},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Oncological surgeon","value":54},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Orthopaedic surgeon","value":55},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Plastic surgeon","value":56},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Trauma surgeon","value":57},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Urology","value":58},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Vascular surgeon","value":59},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Other surgeon","value":60},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Anaesthetics","label":"Anaesthetics","value":61},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Other medical doctor","label":"Other medical doctor","value":62},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"General radiography","value":63},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Angiography","value":64},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"CT radiography","value":65},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"MR imaging","value":66},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Nuclear medicine","value":67},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Radiation therapy","value":68},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Radiology technician","value":69},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Ultrasonography","value":70},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Other imaging technologist","value":71},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Advanced practitioner (radiographer)","value":102},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"General dentistry","value":72},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Endodontistry","value":73},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Paediatric dentistry","value":74},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Pedodontistry","value":75},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Periodontistry","value":76},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Prosthodontistry","value":77},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Oral and maxillofacial surgery","value":78},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Oral pathology","value":79},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Orthodontistry","value":80},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Other dentistry","value":81},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"General nursing","value":82},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Anaesthetic nursing","value":83},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Dental nursing","value":84},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Emergency nursing","value":85},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Intensive care nursing","value":86},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Medical nursing","value":87},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Paediatric nursing","value":88},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Rehabilitation nursing","value":89},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Surgical nursing","value":90},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Other nursing","value":91},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Advanced practitioner (nurse)","value":101},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Dietician","value":92},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Occupational therapy","value":93},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Physiotherapy","value":94},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Speech pathology","value":95},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Other allied health","value":96},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Advanced practitioner (physiotherapist)","value":103},{"broad_division_id":6,"groupId":"Other","label":"Veterinarian","value":104},{"broad_division_id":6,"groupId":"Other","label":"Physician assistant","value":105},{"broad_division_id":6,"groupId":"Other","label":"Not Specified","value":106}],"en-US":[{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"General radiology","value":1},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Abdominal radiology","value":2},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Breast radiology","value":3},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Cardiac radiology","value":97},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Chest radiology","value":4},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Emergency radiology","value":98},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Head and neck radiology","value":99},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Interventional radiology","value":5},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Musculoskeletal radiology","value":6},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Neurointerventional radiology","value":7},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Neuroradiology","value":8},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Nuclear medicine","value":9},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Pediatric radiology","value":10},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Vascular radiology","value":100},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Women's imaging","value":11},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Other radiology","value":12},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"General pathology","value":13},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Anatomical pathology","value":14},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Chemical pathology","value":15},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Forensic pathology","value":16},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Hematology","value":17},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Other pathology","value":18},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"General medicine","value":19},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Cardiology","value":20},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Dermatology","value":21},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Emergency medicine","value":22},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Endocrinology","value":23},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Gastroenterology","value":24},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Geriatrician","value":25},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Hematology","value":26},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Immunology","value":27},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Infectious diseases","value":28},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Intensive care","value":29},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Internal medicine","value":30},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Palliative care","value":31},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Neonatalology","value":32},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Nephrology","value":33},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Neurology","value":34},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Obstetrics and/or gynaecology","value":35},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Oncology","value":36},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Ophthalmology","value":37},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Pain management","value":38},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Pediatrics","value":39},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Psychiatry","value":40},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Radiation oncology","value":41},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Rehabilitation medicine","value":42},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Pulmonology","value":43},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Rheumatology","value":44},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Other specialised medicine","value":45},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"General surgeon","value":46},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Cardiothoracic surgeon","value":47},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Colorectal surgeon","value":48},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Otolaryngology","value":49},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Head and neck surgeon","value":50},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Hepatobiliary surgeon","value":51},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Maxillofacial surgeon","value":52},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Neurosurgeon","value":53},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Oncological surgeon","value":54},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Orthopedic surgeon","value":55},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Plastic surgeon","value":56},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Trauma surgeon","value":57},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Urology","value":58},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Vascular surgeon","value":59},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Other surgeon","value":60},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Anaesthetics","label":"Anesthesiology","value":61},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Other medical doctor","label":"Other medical doctor","value":62},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"General radiography","value":63},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Angiography","value":64},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"CT radiography","value":65},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"MR imaging","value":66},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Nuclear medicine","value":67},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Radiation therapy","value":68},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Radiology technician","value":69},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Ultrasonography","value":70},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Other imaging technologist","value":71},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Advanced practitioner (radiographer)","value":102},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"General dentistry","value":72},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Endodontistry","value":73},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Paediatric dentistry","value":74},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Pedodontistry","value":75},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Periodontistry","value":76},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Prosthodontistry","value":77},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Oral and maxillofacial surgery","value":78},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Oral pathology","value":79},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Orthodontistry","value":80},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Other dentistry","value":81},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"General nursing","value":82},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Anesthetic nursing","value":83},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Dental nursing","value":84},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Emergency nursing","value":85},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Intensive care nursing","value":86},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Medical nursing","value":87},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Pediatric nursing","value":88},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Rehabilitation nursing","value":89},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Surgical nursing","value":90},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Other nursing","value":91},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Advanced practitioner (nurse)","value":101},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Dietician","value":92},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Occupational therapy","value":93},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Physiotherapy","value":94},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Speech pathology","value":95},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Other allied health","value":96},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Advanced practitioner (physiotherapist)","value":103},{"broad_division_id":6,"groupId":"Other","label":"Veterinarian","value":104},{"broad_division_id":6,"groupId":"Other","label":"Physician assistant","value":105},{"broad_division_id":6,"groupId":"Other","label":"Not Specified","value":106}]},"training_levels":[{"broad_division_id":1,"value":1,"region_labels":{"1":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 1)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 1)","3":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 1)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":2,"region_labels":{"4":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 2)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 2)","3":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 2)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":3,"region_labels":{"2":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 3)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 3)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 3)","3":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":4,"region_labels":{"1":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 4)","3":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 4)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 4)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 4)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":5,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 5+)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 5+)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 5+)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 5+)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":6,"region_labels":{"3":"Medical Student (year 1)","2":"Medical Student (year 1)","1":"Medical Student (year 1)","4":"Medical Student (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":7,"region_labels":{"3":"Medical Student (year 2)","4":"Medical Student (year 2)","2":"Medical Student (year 2)","1":"Medical Student (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":8,"region_labels":{"1":"Medical Student (year 3)","3":"Medical Student (year 3)","2":"Medical Student (year 3)","4":"Medical Student (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":9,"region_labels":{"2":"Medical Student (year 4)","4":"Medical Student (year 4)","1":"Medical Student (year 4)","3":"Medical Student (year 4)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":10,"region_labels":{"4":"Medical Student (year 5)","1":"Medical Student (year 5)","2":"Medical Student (year 5)","3":"Medical Student (year 5)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":11,"region_labels":{"3":"Medical Student (year 6+)","2":"Medical Student (year 6+)","1":"Medical Student (year 6+)","4":"Medical Student (year 6+)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":12,"region_labels":{"2":"Intern","3":"Postgraduate year 1 (PGY 1)","1":"Intern","4":"Foundation Doctor (FY1)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":13,"region_labels":{"2":"Resident (HMO year 1)","1":"Junior Doctor (HMO year 1)","4":"Foundation Doctor (FY2)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":14,"region_labels":{"4":"Foundation Doctor (FY3+)","1":"Junior Doctor (HMO year 2+)","2":"Resident (HMO year 2+)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":15,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate year 2 (PGY 2)","1":"Specialty trainee (year 1)","2":"Registrar (year 1)","4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":16,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate year 3 (PGY 3)","2":"Registrar (year 2)","4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 2)","1":"Specialty trainee (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":17,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate year 4 (PGY 4)","2":"Registrar (year 3)","4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 3)","1":"Specialty trainee (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":18,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate year 5 (PGY 6)","1":"Specialty trainee (year 4)","2":"Registrar (year 4)","4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 4)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":19,"region_labels":{"1":"Specialty trainee (year 5)","2":"Registrar (year 5)","4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 5)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":20,"region_labels":{"1":"Specialty trainee (year 6)","2":"Registrar (year 6)","4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 6)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":21,"region_labels":{"1":"Specialty trainee (year 7+)","2":"Registrar (year 7+)","4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 7+)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":22,"region_labels":{"3":"Fellow (PGY 6)","2":"Fellow (year 1)","4":"Fellow (year 1)","1":"Fellow (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":23,"region_labels":{"3":"Fellow (PGY 7+)","2":"Fellow (year 2+)","1":"Fellow (year 2+)","4":"Fellow (year 2+)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":24,"region_labels":{"3":"Attending (year 1-5)","4":"Consultant (year 1-5)","2":"Consultant (year 1-5)","1":"Consultant/Attending (year 1-5)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":25,"region_labels":{"3":"Attending (year 6-10)","2":"Consultant (year 6-10)","4":"Consultant (year 6-10)","1":"Consultant/Attending (year 6-10)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":26,"region_labels":{"3":"Attending (year 11-15)","2":"Consultant (year 11-15)","4":"Consultant (year 11-15)","1":"Consultant/Attending (year 11-15)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":27,"region_labels":{"3":"Attending (year 15+)","4":"Consultant (year 15+)","2":"Consultant (year 15+)","1":"Consultant/Attending (year 15+)"}},{"broad_division_id":2,"value":28,"region_labels":{"3":"Student (year 1)","1":"Student (year 1)","2":"Student (year 1)","4":"Student (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":2,"value":29,"region_labels":{"3":"Student (year 2)","2":"Student (year 2)","4":"Student (year 2)","1":"Student (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":2,"value":30,"region_labels":{"3":"Student (year 3)","1":"Student (year 3)","4":"Student (year 3)","2":"Student (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":2,"value":31,"region_labels":{"3":"Student (year 4+)","1":"Student (year 4+)","2":"Student (year 4+)","4":"Student (year 4+)"}},{"broad_division_id":2,"value":32,"region_labels":{"3":"Radiographer/Technician","4":"Radiographer/Technician","1":"Radiographer/Technician","2":"Radiographer/Technician"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":39,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 1)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 1)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 1)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":40,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 2)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 2)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 2)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":41,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 3)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 3)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 3)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":42,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 4)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 4)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 4)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 4)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":43,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 5+)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 5+)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 5+)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 5+)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":44,"region_labels":{"3":"Dentistry Student (year 1)","1":"Dentistry Student (year 1)","2":"Dentistry Student (year 1)","4":"Dentistry Student (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":45,"region_labels":{"3":"Dentistry Student (year 2)","4":"Dentistry Student (year 2)","2":"Dentistry Student (year 2)","1":"Dentistry Student (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":46,"region_labels":{"3":"Dentistry Student (year 3)","2":"Dentistry Student (year 3)","4":"Dentistry Student (year 3)","1":"Dentistry Student (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":47,"region_labels":{"3":"Dentistry Student (year 4)","1":"Dentistry Student (year 4)","4":"Dentistry Student (year 4)","2":"Dentistry Student (year 4)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":48,"region_labels":{"3":"Dentistry Student (year 5)","2":"Dentistry Student (year 5)","1":"Dentistry Student (year 5)","4":"Dentistry Student (year 5)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":49,"region_labels":{"3":"Dentistry Student (year 6+)","4":"Dentistry Student (year 6+)","2":"Dentistry Student (year 6+)","1":"Dentistry Student (year 6+)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":50,"region_labels":{"3":"General Dentist","4":"General Dentist","1":"General Dentist","2":"General Dentist"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":51,"region_labels":{"3":"Specialty Dentist","2":"Specialty Dentist","4":"Specialty Dentist","1":"Specialty Dentist"}},{"broad_division_id":4,"value":33,"region_labels":{"3":"Nursing Student (year 1)","4":"Nursing Student (year 1)","2":"Nursing Student (year 1)","1":"Nursing Student (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":4,"value":34,"region_labels":{"3":"Nursing Student (year 2)","4":"Nursing Student (year 2)","1":"Nursing Student (year 2)","2":"Nursing Student (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":4,"value":35,"region_labels":{"3":"Nursing Student (year 3)","2":"Nursing Student (year 3)","1":"Nursing Student (year 3)","4":"Nursing Student (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":4,"value":36,"region_labels":{"3":"Nursing Student (year 4+)","1":"Nursing Student (year 4+)","2":"Nursing Student (year 4+)","4":"Nursing Student (year 4+)"}},{"broad_division_id":4,"value":37,"region_labels":{"3":"Registered Nurse","1":"Registered Nurse","4":"Registered Nurse","2":"Registered Nurse"}},{"broad_division_id":4,"value":38,"region_labels":{"3":"Specialty Nurse","2":"Specialty Nurse","4":"Specialty Nurse","1":"Specialty Nurse"}},{"broad_division_id":5,"value":52,"region_labels":{"3":"Allied Health Student (year 2)","2":"Allied Health Student (year 2)","4":"Allied Health Student (year 2)","1":"Allied Health Student (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":5,"value":53,"region_labels":{"3":"Allied Health Student (year 3)","1":"Allied Health Student (year 3)","4":"Allied Health Student (year 3)","2":"Allied Health Student (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":5,"value":54,"region_labels":{"3":"Allied Health Student (year 4)","1":"Allied Health Student (year 4)","2":"Allied Health Student (year 4)","4":"Allied Health Student (year 4)"}},{"broad_division_id":5,"value":55,"region_labels":{"3":"Allied Health Student (year 5+)","4":"Allied Health Student (year 5+)","2":"Allied Health Student (year 5+)","1":"Allied Health Student (year 5+)"}},{"broad_division_id":5,"value":56,"region_labels":{"3":"Allied Health Professional","2":"Allied Health Professional","1":"Allied Health Professional","4":"Allied Health Professional"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":57,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate 1","4":"Undergraduate 1","2":"Undergraduate 1","1":"Undergraduate 1"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":58,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate 2","1":"Undergraduate 2","4":"Undergraduate 2","2":"Undergraduate 2"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":59,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate 3","4":"Undergraduate 3","2":"Undergraduate 3","1":"Undergraduate 3"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":60,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate 4","1":"Undergraduate 4","4":"Undergraduate 4","2":"Undergraduate 4"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":61,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate 5","1":"Undergraduate 5","4":"Undergraduate 5","2":"Undergraduate 5"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":62,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate 1","2":"Postgraduate 1","4":"Postgraduate 1","1":"Postgraduate 1"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":63,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate 2","4":"Postgraduate 2","1":"Postgraduate 2","2":"Postgraduate 2"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":64,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate 3","4":"Postgraduate 3","1":"Postgraduate 3","2":"Postgraduate 3"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":65,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate 4","1":"Postgraduate 4","4":"Postgraduate 4","2":"Postgraduate 4"}}],"default_training_region_id":1,"en_us_country_ids":[5,12,20,31,33,48,51,52,53,62,63,65,93,96,99,101,114,122,130,159,167,175,176,188,209,212,228,234,235,236,239,240,242],"selected_country_id":235,"email":"","container_id":"signup-modal-container"}

Fibrocystic change (breast)

Dr Owen Kang ◉ and Ass. Pr. Mirjan M. Nadrljanski et al.

Fibrocystic change of the breast (also known as diffuse cystic mastopathy) is a benign alteration in the terminal ductal lobular unit of the breast with or without associated fibrosis. It is seen as a wide spectrum of altered morphology in the female breast from innocuous to those associated with risk of carcinoma.

On this page:

Article:

Epidemiology
Clinical presentation
Pathology
Radiographic features
Related articles
References

Epidemiology

Very common entity (observed clinically in up to 50% and histologically in 90% of women ⁶). Fibrocystic change is unusual before adolescence. These are most often diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 40 with the peak before or at menopause.

As compared to the general population, women with nonproliferative lesions have no significant elevation in risk of developing a breast carcinoma, while those with the proliferative disease have a greater risk.

Clinical presentation

breast pain that worsens during ovulation
tender nodular swellings
most often multifocal and bilateral

Pathology

Hormonal alterations with estrogen dominance over progesterone are considered to be an important factor. The alterations seen are subdivided into:

non-proliferative (simple) FCC that includes simple breast cyst and/or fibrosis (most common)
proliferative that includes
- atypical epithelial cell hyperplasias of the ducts or ductules
- sclerosing adenosis

Aberrations in Normal Development and Involution of the breast (ANDI) encompasses all the changes associated with normal variations in breast parenchyma associated with changes in hormone levels and aging, thus it is better to classify fibrocystic changes under ANDI and it is not to be treated as a pathology per se.

Radiographic features

Mammography

breasts show heterogeneous and usually dense parenchyma
partially circumscribed masses may be present reflecting cysts
tea-cup, low-density round calcifications in multiple lobes

Ultrasound

On ultrasound, findings may show:

prominent fibroglandular tissue in the area of a palpable nodule; however, no discernible mass
small cysts in the mammary zone

References

Breast imaging and pathology

Article information

rID: 9057

System: Breast

Tag: breast, case, stub-review

Synonyms or Alternate Spellings:

Fibrocystic changes
Breast fibrocystic change
Fibrocystic change in the breast
Mammary fibrocystic disease
Fibrocystic disease
cystic mastopathy
chronic cystic disease
mazoplasia
Reclus’s disease
fibrocystic mastopathy
fibroadenosis cystica
Fibroadenosis

Support Radiopaedia and see fewer ads

Updating… Please wait.

Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.

Thank you for updating your details.