A habitual miscarriage is the term given when a woman has had more than three miscarriages and it affects approximately 1-2% of women.
Pathology
Many causes are identified.
- congenital uterine
- acquired uterine causes
- cervical incompetence
- chromosomal
- autosomal trisomy
- polyploidy
- monosomy X
- endocrine
- infectious
- listeriosis
- toxoplasmosis
- viral infections
- rubella
- herpes simplex
- measles
- cytomegalovirus
- coxsackie virus
- malaria
- syphillis
- brucellosis
- immunologic
- antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
- antithyroid antibodies
- male-specific minor histocompatibility
- lifestyle factors
- smoking
- alcohol
- drugs
- placental abnormalities
- comorbid illnesses
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