Hepatolithiasis is the presence of bile duct stones within the intrahepatic bile ducts, specifically proximal to the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts.
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Epidemiology
Hepatolithiasis is common in Asia and the Pacific, with a prevalence of ~40%. It is rare in the West with a prevalence of ~1% 1.
Associations
- primary sclerosing cholangitis
- postoperative biliary strictures
- Caroli disease 2
Pathology
Hepatolithiasis can occur with or without the concomitant presence of cholelithiasis or choledocholithiasis.
Etiology
- recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
- low phospholipid-associated cholelithiasis (LPAC) syndrome
- malnutrition 2,3
Radiographic features
Refer to: cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis.