Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,857 results found
Article
Dameron-Lawrence-Botte classification of proximal 5th metatarsal fractures
The Dameron-Lawrence-Botte classification, or Lawrence-Botte classification, is a commonly used system for proximal fifth metatarsal fractures as it has management implications 3.
Classification
Under this system, proximal fifth metatarsal fractures are categorized into one of three anatomic ...
Article
Long COVID-19
Long COVID-19 also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) or post COVID-19 condition, is a post-viral syndrome affecting people who have recovered from COVID-19 infection. Symptoms are similar to those experienced by patients with chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS...
Article
Cyanotic congenital heart disease
A number of entities can present as cyanotic congenital heart disease. These can be divided into those with increased (pulmonary plethora) or decreased pulmonary vascularity:
increased pulmonary vascularity
total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) (types I and II)
transposition of the ...
Article
Crawford classification
The Crawford classification system is used to classify thoracoabdominal aneurysms and has important therapeutic implications. Precise classification of anatomical features allows accurate risk stratification and appropriate operative planning 1,2.
Classification
The system divides thoracoabdo...
Article
Transient global amnesia
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome with no clear etiology identified. The syndrome is transient and typically resolves within a few hours.
Epidemiology
Transient global amnesia is most common in the 60-70 year age range 8.
Associations
migraine, approximately 2.5-times in...
Article
Coxa vara
Coxa vara describes a hip deformity where the femoral neck-shaft angle is decreased, usually defined as <120°.
Pathology
It can be congenital or acquired. The common mechanism in congenital cases is a failure of the medial growth of the physeal plate 3.
Etiology
The etiology of coxa vara w...
Article
Congenital pulmonary stenosis
Congenital pulmonary stenosis refers to congenital narrowing of the right ventricular outflow tract, pulmonary valve, or pulmonary artery.
See pulmonary valve stenosis for a general discussion about this valvulopathy.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births.
Associations
Co...
Article
British Association of Radiologists
The British Association of Radiologists, also known as the BAR, was established in 1934 with an initial membership of about 100 radiologists. Its aim was the advancement of radiology. The BAR was the ultimate forerunner of the Royal College of Radiologists. Its first President was Dr James F Bra...
Article
Morgan and Superina classification of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts
The Morgan and Superina classification of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts is based on the absence (type 1) or presence (type 2) of intrahepatic portal blood supply 2.
Usage
This classification system is widely used (c. 2020) 2, although there is evidence that all congenital extrah...
Article
Amnestic syndrome of the subcallosal artery
Amnestic syndrome of the subcallosal artery describes an acute amnestic syndrome secondary to ischemic stroke of the bilateral fornices.
Epidemiology
The exact incidence of amnestic syndrome of the subcallosal artery is not known, but it is likely to be very rare.
Clinical presentation
The t...
Article
Papez circuit
The Papez circuit is a fundamental component of the limbic system. It is a closed neural circuitry that starts and ends in the hippocampus. It is also known as the medial limbic circuit.
Gross anatomy
The Papez circuit involves different structures of the brain including 2:
hippocampus and a...
Article
Fornix (brain)
The fornix (plural: fornices) is the main efferent system of the hippocampus and an important part of the limbic system. It is one of the commissural fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres.
Gross anatomy
Roughly C-shaped, the fornix extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies of ...
Article
Complex midfacial fracture
Complex midfacial fractures consist of multiple facial fractures that cannot be classified as any of the defined complex facial fractures (e.g. Le Fort fracture, zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, naso-orbital-ethmoid fracture).
Article
Milwaukee shoulder
Milwaukee shoulder refers to a destructive shoulder arthropathy due to the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals, and identification of these crystals in synovial fluid is the cornerstone of diagnosis.
Epidemiology
Milwaukee shoulder frequently affects older women, often with a history of trau...
Article
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, is the most common chronic arthritic disease of childhood and corresponds to a group of different subtypes.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is ~13 per 100,000 per annum 3. By definition, symptoms must start ...
Article
Basal ganglia T2 hyperintensity
The causes of basal ganglia T2 hyperintensity can be remembered using the mnemonic LINT:
lymphoma
ischemia
hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
venous infarction (internal cerebral vein thrombosis)
neurodegenerative
autoimmune encephalitis (e.g. anti-D2 dopamine receptor encephalitis, anti-CV2...
Article
Emerging medical imaging technologies
This article is a summary of emerging medical imaging technologies in development or in the early phase of clinical adoption. The methods are listed by modality.
Radiography
dark-field radiography
x-ray phase-contrast imaging
CT
dark-field CT
deep-learning reconstruction
photon counting ...
Article
Mandibular fracture
Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs. This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making s...
Article
Synovial herniation pit
Synovial herniation pits, also known as Pitt pits or the descriptor fibrocystic changes at the anterosuperior femoral neck, are a common, usually incidental, finding on imaging.
Epidemiology
Prevalence on x-rays of normal adults is ~5% (range 4-12%) 3.
Associations
cam morphology FAI: occur ...
Article
CT colonography reporting and data system
CT Colonography Reporting and Data System (C-RADS) is a method for standardizing CT colonography (CTC) reporting. The current revision is 2023 5.
Terminology
A polyp is defined as a homogenous soft tissue attenuation lesion projecting into the colonic lumen with a fixed point of attachment to ...
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