Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,834 results found
Article
X-ray artifacts
X-ray artifacts can present in a variety of ways including abnormal shadows noted on a radiograph or degraded image quality, and have been produced by artificial means from hardware failure, operator error and software (post-processing) artifacts.
There are common and distinct artifacts for fi...
Article
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered is a specific entity that represents the majority of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas, although identical tumors are also found elsewhere in the midline (e.g. brainstem, spinal cord and thalamus) 1. They are aggressive tumors with a poor prognosis and are ...
Article
Anthrax
Anthrax is a zoonosis caused by Bacillus anthracis. There are four types of anthrax: inhalational anthrax (also known as woolsorter's disease and ragsorter's disease), cutaneous anthrax, injection anthrax and intestinal anthrax.
Epidemiology
The disease burden of anthrax decreased so dramatica...
Article
Intracranial mycotic aneurysm
Intracranial mycotic aneurysms, or intracranial infectious aneurysms, describe aneurysms arising from infection of the arterial wall of intracranial vessels.
See mycotic aneurysm for a general discussion on infectious aneurysms.
Epidemiology
The epidemiology of intracerebral mycotic aneurysms...
Article
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), also known as nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, occurs almost exclusively in patients with renal impairment and is associated with the administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) used in MRI.
The American College of Radiology (ACR) has divide...
Article
Superior rectal artery embolization
Superior rectal artery embolization is a minimally invasive endovascular technique that has a role in the management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding and as a potential option for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease, this article will focus on the latter.
Procedure
Perfor...
Article
Confluent centrilobular emphysema
Confluent centrilobular emphysema is one of the proposed subtypes of classifying emphysema (primarily centrilobular emphysema). It is considered the second most severe from (although not as severe as advanced destructive emphysema) and characterized by coalescent centrilobular or lobular lucenci...
Article
Peritoneal metastases
Peritoneal metastases are a relatively common location for metastases, particularly from tumors of the abdomen and pelvis, that generally imply a poor prognosis, often with a significant impact on palliation 1.
Terminology
If peritoneal metastases are of an epithelial origin (as most are) and ...
Article
Hepatomegaly
Hepatomegaly refers to an increase in size or enlargement of the liver.
Pathology
Etiology
Hepatomegaly can result from a vast range of pathology including, but not limited to, the following:
malignancy/cellular infiltrate
multiple metastases
lymphoma(s)
leukemia(s)
hepatocellular carci...
Article
Mean glandular dose
The mean glandular dose (MGD) is an estimate of the average absorbed dose to the glandular tissues of a breast during mammography. It is measured in Gray (Gy).
The most commonly accepted method of calculating the mean glandular dose is described by Dance et al (2000):
...
Article
West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament
The West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) was created to describe avulsion injuries of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL).
Classification
This classification has six types of lesions divided into two categories based on anterior or posterior i...
Article
Anatomic classification of congenital limb deficiencies
The anatomic classification of congenital limb deficiencies is used to classify limb deficiencies.
The anatomic classification is proposed to systematically classify all congenital limb reduction defects and avoid terminology that can be considered imprecise or derogatory 1.
This system is cur...
Article
Limb deficiency
Limb deficiencies or limb reduction defects are a spectrum of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by the absence or severe hypoplasia of a limb or part of a limb 1,2.
Terminology
Currently (c. 2024) the preferred terminology for limb deficiencies is based on the anatomic classification. Te...
Article
Aluminum
Aluminum (chemical symbol Al) is a trace metal and a nonessential element which is widely distributed throughout the Earth’s crust.
Chemistry
Physical chemistry
Aluminum is an element with the atomic number 13, one of the post-transition metals in the boron group (Group 13, IIIA) of the perio...
Article
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and skeletal fragility.
The World Health Organization (WHO) operationally defines osteoporosis as a bone mineral density T-score less than -2.5 SD (more than 2.5 standard deviations under the young-adult mean), which ...
Article
Sonic hedgehog-activated hepatocellular adenoma
Sonic hedgehog-activated hepatocellular adenomas (sh-HCA) are a subtype of hepatocellular adenomas.
On imaging, it is still mostly diagnosed by exclusion of the other adenomas subtypes and other liver tumors.
Epidemiology
Most of sh-HCA were previously grouped under the unclassified adenomas,...
Article
Incidental thyroid nodule
Incidental thyroid nodules, sometimes called thyroid incidentalomas, are discrete lesions in the thyroid gland found on cross-sectional imaging performed for indications other than thyroid evaluation. They are common but occasionally represent thyroid cancer 1. This article discusses the epidemi...
Article
Brain metastases
Brain metastases are estimated to account for approximately 25-50% of intracranial tumors in hospitalized patients. Due to great variation in imaging appearances, these metastases present a common diagnostic challenge that can importantly affect the management approach for individual patients.
...
Article
CSF-venous fistula
CSF-venous fistulas are an underdiagnosed cause of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. They are direct communication between the spinal subarachnoid space and epidural veins allowing for the loss of CSF directly into the circulation and can be either iatrogenic or spontaneous in etiology.
Ep...
Article
Coronary stent
Coronary stents or coronary artery stents are expandable tubular medical meshwork devices used for interventional treatment of coronary artery disease and prevention of negative remodeling and vascular recoil, restenosis as well as abrupt vessel occlusion from local coronary artery dissection af...