Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,856 results found
Article
Mandibular fracture
Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs. This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making s...
Article
Basal ganglia T2 hyperintensity
The causes of basal ganglia T2 hyperintensity can be remembered using the mnemonic LINT:
lymphoma
ischemia
hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
venous infarction (internal cerebral vein thrombosis)
neurodegenerative
autoimmune encephalitis (e.g. anti-D2 dopamine receptor encephalitis, anti-CV2...
Article
Synovial herniation pit
Synovial herniation pits, also known as Pitt pits or the descriptor fibrocystic changes at the anterosuperior femoral neck, are a common, usually incidental, finding on imaging.
Epidemiology
Prevalence on x-rays of normal adults is ~5% (range 4-12%) 3.
Associations
cam morphology FAI: occur ...
Article
CT colonography reporting and data system
CT Colonography Reporting and Data System (C-RADS) is a method for standardizing CT colonography (CTC) reporting. The current revision is 2023 5.
Terminology
A polyp is defined as a homogenous soft tissue attenuation lesion projecting into the colonic lumen with a fixed point of attachment to ...
Article
Spinal epidural venous plexus congestion
Spinal epidural venous plexus congestion or dilatation is typically a complication of other pathologies.
Clinical presentation
Radiculopathy caused by the dilated epidural veins is not uncommon 1.
Pathology
Several spinal and pelvic diseases can result in secondary epidural venous engorgem...
Article
Emerging medical imaging technologies
This article is a summary of emerging medical imaging technologies in development or in the early phase of clinical adoption. The methods are listed by modality.
Radiography
dark-field radiography
x-ray phase-contrast imaging
CT
dark-field CT
deep-learning reconstruction
photon counting ...
Article
Electrical impedance tomography
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a type of imaging based on sending small amounts of electrical current across tissue (when used for medical imaging), and measuring conductivity. Such measurements are done with electrodes around the object measured, and reconstruction algorithms are used...
Article
Cobalt
Cobalt (chemical symbol Co) is an essential trace element. Its most important function in humans is as the active metal atomic center of vitamin B12.
Chemistry
Basic chemistry
Cobalt is a shiny grey-silvery transition metal with an atomic number 27 and an atomic weight of 58.93 Daltons (Da). ...
Article
Sarcoidosis (cardiac manifestations)
Cardiac involvement of sarcoidosis is a manifestation of sarcoidosis which is often asymptomatic, although can be associated with high mortality 8. Autopsy studies show prevalence of ~25% cardiac involvement, yet only 5-10% are found symptomatic 1,2.
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder chara...
Article
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (skeletal manifestations)
The skeleton is the most commonly involved organ system in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and is by far the most common location for single-lesion LCH, often referred to as eosinophilic granuloma (EG) (the terms are used interchangeably in this article). For a general discussion of this dis...
Article
Milwaukee shoulder
Milwaukee shoulder refers to a destructive shoulder arthropathy due to the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals, and identification of these crystals in synovial fluid is the cornerstone of diagnosis.
Epidemiology
Milwaukee shoulder frequently affects older women, often with a history of trau...
Article
Medical illustrations and diagrams
High-quality medical illustrations and diagrams form an important part of Radiopaedia.org.
Attribution
All illustrations should have appropriate attribution in the case findings.
We strongly favor original illustrations. This makes Radiopaedia unique and contributes to what is available for...
Article
Varicocele grading on color Doppler
Varicocele grading on color Doppler can be done variably. The most elaborate and widely-accepted grading was given by Sarteschi, as below.
For a general discussion of this condition refer to the article: varicocele.
Evaluation
baseline greyscale study in supine position and measure the diame...
Article
Chondromesenchymal hamartoma
Chondromesenchymal hamartomas are rare, benign, tumor-like nasal masses in children that have been associated with DICER1 mutations.
Epidemiology
The entity is rare: a systematic review of the literature in 2015 identified fewer than 50 reported cases 2. The mean age of presentation is 10 year...
Article
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a common, chronic gynecological condition defined as the presence of functional endometrial glands and stroma-like lesions outside the uterus. It manifests in three ways: superficial (peritoneal) disease, ovarian disease (endometriomas), and deep endometriosis.
Endometriosis is...
Article
Crista terminalis
The crista terminalis is a smooth muscular ridge in the superior aspect of the right atrium, formed following resorption of the right valve of the sinus venosus. It represents the junction between the sinus venarum, the "smooth" portion of the right atrium derived from the embryologic sinus veno...
Article
Segond fracture
Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). On the frontal knee radiograph, it may be referred to as the lateral capsular sign...
Article
Hepatic hydatid infection
Hepatic hydatid disease is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the Echinococcus tapeworm. In the liver, two species are most commonly recognized as causing disease in humans:
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus multilocularis
For a general discussion, and links to other system-specific manifestat...
Article
Hydrosalpinx
Hydrosalpinx is a descriptive term and refers to a fluid-filled dilatation of the fallopian tube. If the fluid is infected, i.e. pus, then it is a pyosalpinx; if bloody, then hematosalpinx.
Clinical presentation
Patients may be asymptomatic or may present with pelvic pain or infertility.
Path...
Article
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, is the most common chronic arthritic disease of childhood and corresponds to a group of different subtypes.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is ~13 per 100,000 per annum 3. By definition, symptoms must start ...
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