Veins of the brainstem
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The veins of the brainstem drain themedulla, the pons and the mesencephalon, including the cerebral peduncles, tegmentum and quadrigeminal plate. They are characterised by several variations and feature multiple connections draining into the inferior, medial superior petrosal sinuses or form a transtentorial anastomosis via the basal vein of Rosenthal with the vein of Galen. Less frequently they connect via bridging veins to the cavernous, marginal and sigmoid sinuses or to the jugular bulb 1.
The veins of the brainstem include 1,2:
- peduncular veins
- lateral mesencephalic veins
- median or lateral anterior pontomesencephalic vein(s)
- vein of the pontomesencephalic sulcus (pontomesencephalic vein)
- transverse pontine veins
- veins of the pontomedullary sulcus
- median or lateral anterior medullary vein(s)
- retro-olivary and lateral medullary veins
- transverse medullary veins
-<p>The <strong>veins of the brainstem </strong>drain the<strong> </strong><a href="/articles/medulla-oblongata">medulla</a>, the <a href="/articles/pons">pons</a> and the <a href="/articles/midbrain">mesencephalon</a>, including the <a href="/articles/cerebral-peduncles">cerebral peduncles</a>, <a href="/articles/tegmentum">tegmentum</a> and <a href="/articles/quadrigeminal-plate">quadrigeminal plate</a>. They are characterised by several variations and feature multiple connections draining into the <a href="/articles/inferior-petrosal-sinus">inferior</a>, medial <a href="/articles/superior-petrosal-sinus">superior petrosal sinuses</a> or form a transtentorial anastomosis via the <a href="/articles/basal-vein-of-rosenthal-3">basal vein of Rosenthal</a> with the <a href="/articles/great-cerebral-vein-1">vein of Galen</a>. Less frequently they connect via <a title="bridging vein" href="/articles/bridging-vein">bridging veins</a> to the <a href="/articles/cavernous-sinus">cavernous</a>, <a href="/articles/marginal-sinus-foramen-magnum">marginal</a> and <a href="/articles/sigmoid-sinus">sigmoid sinuses</a> or to the <a href="/articles/jugular-bulb">jugular bulb</a> <sup>1</sup>.</p><p>The veins of the <a href="/articles/brainstem">brainstem</a> include <sup>1,2</sup>:</p><ul>- +<p>The <strong>veins of the brainstem </strong>drain the<strong> </strong><a href="/articles/medulla-oblongata">medulla</a>, the <a href="/articles/pons">pons</a> and the <a href="/articles/midbrain">mesencephalon</a>, including the <a href="/articles/cerebral-peduncles">cerebral peduncles</a>, <a href="/articles/tegmentum">tegmentum</a> and <a href="/articles/quadrigeminal-plate">quadrigeminal plate</a>. They are characterised by several variations and feature multiple connections draining into the <a href="/articles/inferior-petrosal-sinus">inferior</a>, medial <a href="/articles/superior-petrosal-sinus">superior petrosal sinuses</a> or form a transtentorial anastomosis via the <a href="/articles/basal-vein-of-rosenthal-3">basal vein of Rosenthal</a> with the <a href="/articles/great-cerebral-vein-1">vein of Galen</a>. Less frequently they connect via <a href="/articles/bridging-vein">bridging veins</a> to the <a href="/articles/cavernous-sinus">cavernous</a>, <a href="/articles/marginal-sinus-foramen-magnum">marginal</a> and <a href="/articles/sigmoid-sinus">sigmoid sinuses</a> or the <a href="/articles/jugular-bulb">jugular bulb</a> <sup>1</sup>.</p><p>The veins of the <a href="/articles/brainstem">brainstem</a> include <sup>1,2</sup>:</p><ul>
References changed:
- 1. Matsushima T, Rhoton A, Oliveira E, Peace D. Microsurgical Anatomy of the Veins of the Posterior Fossa. J Neurosurg. 1983;59(1):63-105. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1983.59.1.0063">doi:10.3171/jns.1983.59.1.0063</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6602865">Pubmed</a>
- 2. Ardeshiri A, Ardeshiri A, Linn J, Tonn J, Winkler P. Microsurgical Anatomy of the Mesencephalic Veins. JNS. 2007;106(5):894-9. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2007.106.5.894">doi:10.3171/jns.2007.106.5.894</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17542536">Pubmed</a>
- 1. Matsushima T, Rhoton AL, de Oliveira E, Peace D. Microsurgical anatomy of the veins of the posterior fossa. (1983) Journal of neurosurgery. 59 (1): 63-105. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1983.59.1.0063">doi:10.3171/jns.1983.59.1.0063</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6602865">Pubmed</a> <span class="ref_v4"></span>
- 2. Ardeshiri A, Ardeshiri A, Linn J, Tonn JC, Winkler PA. Microsurgical anatomy of the mesencephalic veins. (2007) Journal of neurosurgery. 106 (5): 894-9. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2007.106.5.894">doi:10.3171/jns.2007.106.5.894</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17542536">Pubmed</a> <span class="ref_v4"></span>
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