Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
15,908 results found
Article
Optic disc edema
Optic disc edema refers to unilateral or bilateral swelling of the optic disc.
Terminology
Optic disc edema describes the swelling of nerve fiber layer at the optic nerve head, and it is the consequence of many different pathological processes. Optic disc edema is sometimes mistaken for papi...
Article
Obsolete imaging techniques
It is almost axiomatic that as time passes, the imaging techniques by which patients are evaluated, eventually become obsolete, due to continued scientific and technological innovations.
Although the reality of new-fangled technology coming along and supplanting established methodology is of c...
Article
Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are an extremely rare renal tumor, with only six cases reported in the literature (c. 2022) 1.
Epidemiology
Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma represents <1% of the total reported cases of primary renal cancers. The most affected population i...
Article
Aortic root to right ventricle fistula
An aortic root to right ventricle fistula refers to abnormal fistulous communication between the aortic root and the right ventricle. It results from a defect of the aortic wall usually in the area above the right coronary cusp, where it separates aorta and right ventricular outflow tract. It ca...
Article
Metanephric adenofibroma
Metanephric adenofibroma, originally referred to as 'nephrogenic adenofibroma', is a rare, biphasic, and benign metanephric tumor.
Epidemiology
Metanephric adenofibroma typically occurs in children and young adults with a mean age of 13 years 1,3.
Clinical presentation
Patients present with...
Article
Asbestos related diffuse pleural thickening
Asbestos related diffuse pleural thickening is a form of asbestos-related benign pleural disease and may occur with or without asbestos related fibrosis.
Pathology
They may co-exist with pleural plaques but if thought to occur from a different pathology.
Generation of reactive oxygen and nit...
Article
Complications of radiation therapy
Radiation therapy has the potential to cause complications in many organ systems, many of which, especially in the thorax, are important for radiologists to be aware of.
acute radiation syndrome
complications of cranial radiation therapy
radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy
radiation-ind...
Article
Paracingulate sulcus
The paracingulate sulcus is a secondary sulcus running anteroposteriorly in the medial surface of the frontal lobe above and parallel to the cingulate sulcus 1. It is only found in the great apes and only identified in 70-89% of humans 1.
Article
Salivary duct carcinoma
Salivary duct carcinomas are a subtype of primary salivary gland tumor. Salivary duct carcinomas show high rates of metastasis and recurrence.
Epidemiology
Salivary duct carcinomas represent 5-10% of salivary gland malignancies and can arise de novo or out of a pleomorphic adenoma 1,2. They t...
Article
Canadian Association of Radiologists
The Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) is the national society for radiologists in Canada. Its current president is Gilles Soulez. It publishes the Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal.
History
The Canadian Association of Radiologists was founded in 1937 by Canadian radiologist...
Article
Gastrointestinal stents
Gastrointestinal (GI) stents are increasingly used to treat obstruction of the GI tract, most commonly due to malignancy.
Types of stent
esophageal stent
gastric stent
duodenal stent
enteric stent
colorectal stent
History and etymology
Somewhat surprisingly the word 'stent' is actually a...
Article
Glasgow-Blatchford score
The Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS) is a widely-used and well-validated scoring system for upper GI bleeding and the need for intervention.
Score
The scoring system relies upon knowing the patient's urea, hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, and several other criteria. Each criterion is scored,...
Article
Pediatric clavicle (AP view)
The anteroposterior clavicle view for pediatrics is part of a two view series examining the entirety of the clavicle and the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints. This view is ideally performed erect, but supine may be necessary depending on the patient's level of distress and severity ...
Article
Predictors of Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture
1. Size >= 7 mm
3. Aspect Ratio >= 1.6
4. Size Ratio >= 1.7
5. Area Ratio >= 1.5
Aspect Ratio:
Ratio of maximum aneurysm height (Hmax) to neck width (N).
Hmax is maximum distance from the neck center to the dome of the aneurysm.
Size Ratio:
Ratio of maximum aneurysm height (Hmax) t...
Article
Colorectal cancer (TNM staging 7th edition)
The 7th edition of the TNM classification of colorectal carcinomas was proposed in 2010, and has now been updated and replaced by the 8th edition, published in 2016.
Primary tumor staging (T)
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ
T1: in...
Article
Feeding artery sign (endometrial polyp)
Feeding artery sign (a.k.a. pedicle artery sign) refers to the presence of a single feeding artery to endometrial lesion using color/power Doppler on ultrasonography. It is often seen in endometrial polyps 1. The feeding vessel indicates the stalk attachment of the polyp to the uterus.
Endometr...
Article
Impacted teeth
Impacted teeth are common with the third molars most common. Other impacted teeth (e.g. maxillary canines, maxillary second molar, mandibular second premolar, and mandibular second molar) are less common 1,2.
Radiographics features
CBCT
Cone beam CT (CBCT) allows for 1,3:
impacted tooth loc...
Article
Tetanus
Tetanus is a rare vaccine-preventable disease caused by Clostridium tetani, a ubiquitous soil bacterium which contaminates open wounds. It secretes a powerful neurotoxin which degrades neuromuscular junction function, producing muscle spasms and, despite intensive intervention, is often fatal.
...
Article
Notch sign (primary CNS lymphoma)
The notch sign refers to abnormally deep depression at the tumor margin in contrast-enhanced MRI in primary CNS lymphoma 1. It is not an uncommon sign in primary CNS lymphoma and can be seen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. It suggests an irregular growth pattern as well a...
Article
Metanephric stromal tumor
Metanephric stromal tumor (MST) is a very rare, benign renal neoplasm that predominantly affect children.
Epidemiology
Metanephric stromal tumor is characterized by pure stromal morphology, hyper-differentiation, and no metastasis. The median age of diagnosis was 2 years. Less than fifty cas...
Article
Pseudoendoleak
Pseudoendoleak is a recently described color Doppler ultrasound phenomenon caused by spurious color signal in the aneurysm sac following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR).
Radiographic features
Pseudoendoleak is defined as flow signal on color Doppler in the aneurysm sac following EVAR. The...
Article
Tronzo classification of trochanteric fractures
The Tronzo classification of trochanteric fractures is a classification system used when assessing intertrochanteric fractures.
The Tronzo classification is proposed to provide a guide to the management of these fractures.
Due to its simplicity, the Tronzo classification has become the preferr...
Article
Vinyl chloride toxicity
Vinyl chloride toxicity (and polyvinyl chloride) may rarely result from occupational exposure, most notably manifesting as chronic liver disease and rare hepatic malignancies. However due to strict regulation of the industrial manufacturing and processing of vinyl chloride since the 1970s, signi...
Article
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a type of heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction (left heart failure) classified by a left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction occurs when the left ventricle is unable to con...
Article
Effman Classification of urethral duplication
The Effman classification is a widely adopted system to classify the several distinct types of urethral duplication. It's considered to be the most complete classification from a clinical and functional point of view, but it's only based on male forms and does not distinguish sagittal from coron...
Article
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the pleura
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) of the pleura is a rare primary pleural malignancy comprising of mesenchymal cells.
Epidemiology
Tend to occur in younger patients (mean ~ 25.5 years) and with a slightly greater male predilection.
Treatment and prognosis
DSRCT tend to be aggressi...
Article
Herbert classification of scaphoid fractures
The Herbert classification of scaphoid fractures, also known as the Herbert and Fisher classification, is one of the most frequently used classification systems when assessing scaphoid fractures.
The Herbert classification is proposed to provide a guide to the management of these fractures.
Cl...
Article
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia is a type of ventricular arrhythmia with at least three consecutive ventricular beats occurring at greater than 100 beats per minute. If left untreated, ventricular tachycardia can lead to ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest.
Epidemiology
Ventricular tachycardi...
Article
Branch retinal artery occlusion
Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) refers to the acute obstruction of an arteriolar branch of the central retinal artery, which can lead to retinal ischemia and transient or permanent visual loss. The distribution affecting a branch distinguishes this disease from central retinal artery occl...
Article
Ground glass (disambiguation)
The term ground glass may be used to refer to:
ground glass opacity (lungs)
ground glass matrix of fibrous dysplasia
Article
Matrix (bone)
The matrix (plural: matrices) of the bone is used in a general pathological context to refer to the extracellular material in which the cellular components of the bone lie. Indeed the term extracellular matrix, often shortened to matrix, is used for the secreted extracellular components of any t...
Article
Traction esophageal diverticulum
A traction esophageal diverticulum is a true esophageal diverticulum (i.e. includes all layers of the esophageal wall) which occurs secondary to pulling forces (traction) on the esophageal wall.
Causes
pulmonary or mediastinal scarring, fibrosis
inflammatory processes in the mediastinum (for ...
Article
Trigeminal radiofrequency ablation
Trigeminal radiofrequency ablation, also known as trigeminal radiofrequency rhizotomy, is a percutaneous interventional procedure used to treat trigeminal neuralgia. It is the most popular technique for trigeminal ablation.
Indications
trigeminal neuralgia resistant to traditional medical trea...
Article
Mickey Mouse sign (anencephaly)
The Mickey Mouse sign in obstetric ultrasound denotes the characteristic "floating appearance" of the fetal cerebral lobes due to the absence of the cranium due to anencephaly.
Radiographic features
The sign is best seen in the coronal plane (in relation to the fetal head), where the cerebral...
Article
Frog eye sign
The frog eye sign is seen when the orbital structures show a characteristic protrusion due to fetal anencephaly. The term is particularly used in point of care ultrasound (POCUS) 1.
Radiographic features
On obstetric ultrasound the frog eye sign is best appreciated in the coronal plane (in re...
Article
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a form of ischemic optic neuropathy.
Epidemiology
It is considered the most common acute optic neuropathy in patients over 50 years of age (especially in those with vasculopathy risk factors (e.g. diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and ...
Article
Bone Reporting and Data System (Bone-RADS)
The Bone Reporting and Data System (Bone-RADS) is an algorithm developed and proposed by the Practice Guidelines and Technical Standards Committee of the Society of Skeletal Radiology for the diagnostic workup of incidentally encountered solitary bone lesions in adults on MRI and/or CT 1.
Class...
Article
Subperiosteal hematoma
A subperiosteal hematoma occurs between the periosteum and the cortex of a bone and is therefore geographically limited to the affected bone.
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation varies with location. Subperiosteal hematomas have been described in the calvarium, iliac bone, humerus, fem...
Article
Chiari-Frommel syndrome
Chiari-Frommel syndrome is a rare disease of young females that is exhibited by a lack of ovulation, lactation, and amenorrhea in post-partum patients for a period of greater than six months. Additional symptomatology comprises headache, abdominal pain, vision impairment, obesity, and emotional ...
Article
Human metapneumovirus pulmonary infection
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) pulmonary infection is a recently detected condition reported to cause mild to severe respiratory tract infection, particularly in children, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly 6.
Pathology
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), is an RNA virus and was first describ...
Article
Pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome
Pudendal nerve entrapment (PNE) syndrome is a rare and under-diagnosed condition associated with chronic pain, sexual dysfunction and impaired sphincter control due to compression of the pudendal nerve.
Anatomy
The pudendal nerve arises from S2-S4 roots of the sacral plexus, carrying both s...
Article
Practical classification of forearm fractures
The practical classification of forearm fractures is a simple descriptive classification system commonly used when assessing forearm fractures, especially in the pediatric population.
Although simple, the classification provides a good guide to the management. These characteristics allow for a ...
Article
Depressor labii inferioris muscle
The depressor labii inferioris muscle, also known as quadratus labii inferioris muscle, is one of the facial muscles.
Summary
origin: oblique line of the mandible, medial to the mental foramen
insertion:
modiolus at the angle of the mouth
ascends to medially insert into lower lip
innerva...
Article
Miliary lung nodules (mnemonic)
The list of differential diagnoses for miliary lung nodules can be recalled with the mnemonic:
TEMPEST
Mnemonic
TEMPEST
T: tuberculosis
E: eosinophilic granuloma
M: metastases (especially thyroid)
P: pneumoconiosis
E: extrinsic allergic alveolitis (now known as hypersensitivity pneumonit...
Article
Carotid artery tortuosity
Carotid artery tortuosity is the elongation of the extracranial carotid arteries with redundancy and/or altered course, which may present on imaging as kinking, coiling, and/or looping 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Carotid artery tortuosity is mostly (~80%) asymptomatic. When symptomatic (~12.5%,...
Article
Harris ring
A Harris ring is a ring-like shadow observed at the base of the odontoid process on a lateral radiograph of the cervical spine. It is formed by the superimposition of the lateral masses of the C2 vertebra (axis) on its body.
Disruption of the Harris ring is seen in type III, and less commonly, ...
Article
Superior triangle sign (right lower lobe collapse)
The superior triangle sign is seen with complete right lower lobe (RLL) collapse alone or combined with right middle lobe collapse on PA chest x-rays. This sign can be a useful indirect sign of right lower lobe collapse where typical features are absent.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
...
Article
Free standing bronchiectasis
Free-standing bronchiectasis or non-traction bronchiectasis is a descriptive term for bronchiectasis that is not related to regional fibrotic effects (e.g. traction bronchiectasis). Amongst other causes, this form may occur in recurrent chronic infective-inflammatory states such as in those with...
Article
Ankle extensor compartment injury
Ankle extensor compartment injuries are infrequently reported in the medical literature in contrast to the other ankle pathology.
Epidemiology
The incidence of ankle extensor tendon abnormalities is unclear ref.
Pathology
The ankle extensor compartment contains (from medial to lateral) ref:...
Article
V sign of interphalangeal joint dislocation
The V sign is characterized on a lateral radiograph of the digit by the separation of the dorsal base of the dislocated phalanx and the head of the phalanx proximal to the incongruent joint 1,2.
Before reduction, the V sign might be assessed to identify more subtle dorsal subluxations 1.
If th...
Article
Lateral collateral ligament calcification
Lateral collateral ligament calcification is rare that can cause acute knee pain.
Clinical presentation
Most patients with lateral collateral calcification are asymptomatic while a small proportion will have lateral knee pain.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
Calcification is adjacen...
Article
Virtual grid
Virtual grid softwares are a relatively new innovation utilizing no physical grid at all. Instead, the original purpose of a grid is replicated by an algorithm 1 based on fundamental mathematics (i.e. Laplace transformation, wavelet transformation and Gaussian decomposition) which iteratively re...
Article
Scaphoid abdomen
Scaphoid abdomen is the term given to an inward concavity of the anterior abdominal wall. It is used both for the clinical appearance and its radiological equivalent.
In children it maybe a sign of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. In both adult and pediatric patients, it raises the possibility...
Article
Area postrema syndrome
Area postrema syndrome is a demyelinating disorder of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema) which is located on the medial posteroinferior surface of the medulla oblongata. It is one of the core clinical characteristics of neuromyelitis optica 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Hiccups, nause...
Article
Arhinencephaly
Arhinencephaly, sometimes spelled arrhinencephaly, refers to congenital absence of the olfactory bulbs and tracts. It causes congenital anosmia and can be found in:
isolated arhinencephaly
Kallmann syndrome
holoprosencephaly
septo-optic dysplasia
CHARGE syndrome
Waardenburg-Shah syndrome
Article
Karnofsky performance status
The Karnofsky performance status (KPS) is a standardized measure of a patient’s ability to perform a variety of ordinary tasks. It is a score that ranges from 0 to 100 with a higher score indicating higher (less impaired) function. It is widely used in trials and allows for patient groups to be ...
Article
Scapulothoracic bursa
Scapulothoracic bursae refer to a number of bursae that allow for the gliding movement of the scapulothoracic joint.
Two major bursae have been reliably described 1,3:
infraserratus (scapulothoracic) bursa: between the serratus anterior muscle and the chest wall
supraserratus (subscapularis) ...
Article
Green and O'Brien classification of thumb metacarpal fractures
The Green and O'Brien classification of thumb metacarpal fractures is a commonly used classification system when assessing thumb metacarpal fractures.
However, since most types of fractures coincide with famous eponymous fractures, the system itself isn't usually used properly, giving preferenc...
Article
Superior cervical ganglion
The superior cervical ganglion (plural: ganglia) is the largest ganglion of the cervical sympathetic trunk, providing innervation to the head and neck region 1.
Gross anatomy
The superior cervical ganglion is formed by embryologically fused C1 to C4 sympathetic ganglia. It is elongated, cylind...
Article
CT angiography of the circle of Willis (protocol)
CT angiography of the circle of Willis (CTA COW) is a technique that allows visualization of the intracranial arteries; specifically the circle of Willis. While digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms especially, CTA is a less i...
Article
Supraclavicular brachial plexus block (ultrasound)
A Supraclavicular brachial plexus block is indicated for establishing sensory and motor blockade of the upper extremity, including the humerus, elbow, forearm, wrist and hand.
Indications
necessity to provide analgesia of the upper extremity for:
abscess incision and drainage
elbow dislocat...
Article
Subperiosteal abscess
Subperiosteal abscesses refer to the subperiosteal spread of infection characterized by purulent encapsulated fluid collections within the subperiosteal space.
Epidemiology
Subperiosteal abscesses are more often seen in children than in adults 1,2.
Associations
Subperiosteal abscesses have b...
Article
Orbital apex syndrome
Orbital apex syndrome, also known as Jacod syndrome, is a constellation of clinical findings, presenting as a result of several potential pathologies that compress or otherwise affect structures passing through the orbital apex.
Clinical presentation
Presentation is according to the structures...
Article
Spinnbarkeit
Spinnbarkeit is a property of viscoelastic fluids that describes their capacity to be drawn out into an unbroken strand 1. Synonymous terms include spinnability and fibrosity. Human bodily fluids that can exhibit a degree of spinnbarkeit include mucus (especially cervical mucus), saliva and syno...
Article
Hypoglossal nerve palsy
Hypoglossal nerve palsies, or twelfth nerve palsies, result in weakness of the muscles supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, namely the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, except for palatoglossus.
Clinical presentation
The hypoglossal nucleus receives a major component of contralateral corti...
Article
N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate pulmonary embolism
N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate pulmonary embolism is a potentially life-threatening complication that can arise following the use of the tissue glue, butyl-cyanoacrylate, for endoscopic sclerotherapy to treat variceal bleeding.
Epidemiology
Sclerosis with biological glue (butyl cyanoacrylate) is curr...
Article
Striated testis
The striated testis is an imaging finding that is seen in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. In geriatric people, the most common cause is interstitial fibrosis. In adolescent individuals, a few of the causes include trauma, neoplasm including non Hodgkin lymphoma, infection and testicula...
Article
Pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PH-COPD) can be a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and usually manifests as mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension in those with advanced COPD. Pulmonary arterial pressures in this situatio...
Article
Ciliary muscle
The ciliary muscle (TA: musculus ciliaris) is located within the ciliary body of the eye. It acts to facilitate lens accommodation for near vision, and receives parasympathetic innervation from short ciliary nerves, arising from the oculomotor nerve via the ciliary ganglion.
Gross anatomy
The ...
Article
Dilator pupillae muscle
The dilator pupillae muscle is a ring of contractile cells within the iris. These cells are arranged radially, such that their contraction facilitates pupillary dilation (mydriasis). The dilator pupillae muscle receives innervation from the sympathetic nervous system.
Gross anatomy
The dilator...
Article
Ulcer (soft tissue)
An ulcer refers to the break in the skin, epithelium, or mucous membrane resulting in the discontinuity in the surface tissue, necrosis, and often pus formation 1.
Risk factors
immunocompromised (e.g. diabetics) 1
immobile patients 1,2
advanced age 2
poor nutrition 2
increased moisture 2
...
Article
Coandă effect (physics)
The Coanda effect refers to the phenomenon by which a narrow jet of liquid (or air) passing through an orifice directly in sequence with a solid (especially convex) surface will deviate from its path and adhere to this curved surface, following its shape in parallel.
The mechanism is thought to...
Article
Fascia iliaca compartment block (ultrasound)
The fascia iliaca compartment block is a nerve block used to provide anesthesia to the lower extremity commonly in the perioperative period. It is most commonly used for analgesia of the hip, thigh, and knee. It involves the deposition of a local anesthetic beneath the fascia iliaca, targeting t...
Article
Clitoral ultrasound
Clitoral ultrasound is a modality for imaging clitoral pathology, which can be the etiology of female sexual dysfunction. It can also be performed before and after gynecologic surgery to assess clitoral anatomy and blood flow. The exam involves a transperineal component.
Normal ultrasound anato...
Article
Sphincter pupillae
The sphincter pupillae is a circular ring of smooth muscle within the iris responsible for constriction of the pupil (miosis). The structure is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system causing the muscle to decrease in diameter as it contracts.
Gross anatomy
The sphincter pupillae is ...
Article
Birbeck granules
Birbeck granules refer to unusual rod-shaped structures specific to Langerhans cells. Their origin and function remain undetermined. Langerin is a crucial component within Birbeck granules.
History and etymology
Birbeck granules were first described by Michael S Birbeck in 1961 3.
Related pat...
Article
Water-soluble contrast challenge
A water-soluble contrast challenge (more widely known as a Gastrografin challenge) is a combined diagnostic study and therapeutic intervention utilized in the evaluation and management of small bowel obstruction. It is used when clinical or imaging features determine there to be small bowel obst...
Article
Bronchocentricity
Bronchocentricity (or bronchocentric distribution) describes a process in the lungs that is centered around bronchi (or bronchioles). The term centrilobular is commonly used for peribronchiolar disease. Because of the parallel relationship of bronchi and pulmonary arteries these processes are al...
Article
Pharyngeal muscles
There are multiple pharyngeal muscles that make up the structure of the pharynx. They comprise circular and longitudinal muscles whose overall function is to propel food into the esophagus.
Gross anatomy
Outer/circular muscles
These muscles comprise the outer layer of musculature and act to c...
Article
Clavicle series (pediatrics)
The clavicle series for pediatrics is a two view series containing an anteroposterior and a cranially angled axial radiograph. Depending on the patient's level of distress and severity of the injury, adapting the radiographic technique to suit a child sitting in bed or lying supine may be necess...
Article
Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP) is is a chronic, often progressive fibrosing form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and is also often categorized at a form of interstitial lung disease. Manifestations previously categorized as chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis now fall under this ca...
Article
Persistent primitive olfactory artery
Persistent primitive olfactory artery (PPOA) is a rare variant of the proximal anterior cerebral artery 1,2. It is proposed to be more prone to aneurysms due to its sharp hairpin-like turn. Embryologically, the PPOA is the rostral division of the primitive internal carotid artery.
Gross anatomy...
Article
Intraosseous abscess
Intraosseous abscess refers to the pus-filled cavity within the bone with the surrounding rim of granulation tissue 1.
Terminology
The term intraosseous abscess should be used for fluid-signal cavities within the bone showing peripheral rim enhancement or show a penumbra sign or diffusion rest...
Article
Planar wort
Planar worts or plantar verruca refer to superficially based benign epithelial lesions occurring in the dermal / subdermal layers of the skin.
Pathology
They are thought to be caused by infection by human papillomavirus types 1, 2, 4, 60, or 63 and sometimes by types 57, 65, 66, nd 156.
Radi...
Article
Clival fracture
Clival fractures are uncommon skull base fractures resulting from high-energy cranial trauma and are usually associated with other skull vault fractures and brain injuries.
For a general discussion, please refer to the article on basilar fractures of the skull.
Epidemiology
Most fractures of ...
Article
Mayo classification of olecranon fractures
The Mayo classification of olecranon fractures is one of the most frequently used classification systems when assessing olecranon fractures.
The Mayo classification can be used to aid in treatment choice. Mayo type II and III fractures usually require operative treatment.
Classification
The M...
Article
Rapidly progressive pneumoconiosis
Rapidly progressive pneumoconiosis (RPP) is termed a form of pneumoconiosis when the condition shows an increase in chest radiograph profusion by one ILO subcategory in less than 5 years 1.
Conditions than can fall into this category include
accelerated silicosis
Article
O-arm
The O-arm is a movable CT imaging structure developed for intraoperative 3D fluoroscopic imaging. It is utilized during surgery for the identification of bony details in complex procedures such as spinal fixation or microdiscectomy.
See also
C-arm
Article
C-arm
C-arm is a term used to refer to image intensifiers used in the operating theater. The machine is similar to the letter ''C'' in its appearance with the x-ray tube on one end and the image intensifier on another.
Article
Pulmonary cladophialophora infection
Pulmonary cladophialophora infections are a form of rare pulmonary fungal infection caused by cladophialophora spp such as
Cladophialophora boppii
Cladophialophora bantiana
Pathology
Cladophialophora is a genus of fungi in the family Herpotrichiellaceae with around 35 species described.
Th...
Article
Intracochlear schwannoma
An intracochlear schwannoma is a subtype of an intralabyrinthine schwannoma which is a schwannoma arising in relation to the 8th cranial nerve.
Clinical presentation
Patients may present with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss.
Pathology
Schwannomas that are confined exclusively to the c...
Article
Mowat-Wilson syndrome
Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a rare disorder with a broad spectrum of congenital anomalies. It is caused by an abnormality in the ZFHX1B gene. Anomalies that may be recognized at birth or 1st year of life include:
CNS
seizures
intellectual disability
distinct facial profile
genitourinary abnor...
Article
Dead pixel artifact
Dead pixel artifact is an artifact seen in digital radiography systems where a detector element fails to receive a proper signal and therefore appears as a bright white dot in an x-ray image.
A defective pixel on the display monitor can also lead to a white dot appearance but it won't be seen ...