Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,860 results found
Article
Gorham disease
Gorham disease, also known as Gorham-Stout disease or vanishing bone disease, is a poorly understood rare skeletal condition which manifests with massive progressive osteolysis along with a proliferation of thin walled vascular channels. The disease starts in one bone but may spread to involve a...
Article
Temporal encephalocele
Temporal encephaloceles are usually small encephaloceles, often asymptomatic, but increasingly recognized as potential causes of refractory epilepsy and as a sequela of idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
Epidemiology
Temporal encephaloceles can be congenital or secondary to trauma, idiopath...
Article
Encephalocele
Encephalocele, also known as meningoencephalocele, is a form of neural tube defect and a type of cephalocele where brain tissue and overlying meninges herniate out through a defect in the cranium.
Terminology
Although the terms encephalocele and meningoencephalocele are often used interchange...
Article
Sphenoidal encephalocele
Sphenoidal encephaloceles represent meningoencephaloceles which extend into or through the sphenoid bone.
Terminology
Sphenoidal meningoencephalocele can be divided in a number of ways:
content: meningoceles vs encephaloceles
location: medial vs lateral (see below)
extent: instrasphenoidal ...
Article
Osteochondral defect
Osteochondral defects (OCD) or lesions (OCL) are focal areas of articular cartilage damage and injury of the adjacent subchondral bone plate and subchondral cancellous bone.
Terminology
Osteochondral defect is a broad term that describes the morphological changes associated to a localized gap...
Article
Osteochondral injury staging
Osteochondral injury staging system for MRI attempts to grade the stability and severity of osteochondral injury and is used to plan management.
Classification
stage I
injury limited to articular cartilage
MRI findings: subchondral edema
x-ray findings: none
stage II
cartilage injury with...
Article
Radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG)
A Radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG), or percutaneous radiological gastrostomy (RPG), is a procedure where a gastrostomy tube is inserted percutaneously into the stomach under fluoroscopic guidance, principally to provide nutritional support for patients with swallowing disorders 1. Gastr...
Article
Stochastic effects
Stochastic effects occur by chance and can be compared to deterministic effects which result in a direct effect. Cancer induction and radiation induced hereditary effects are the two main examples of stochastic effects.
Models
Cancer induction as a result of exposure to radiation is thought by...
Article
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a procedure where a flexible feeding tube (commonly known as a PEG tube) is inserted through the abdominal wall and into the stomach via endoscopy. Alternatively a tube can be placed under radiological guidance, known as a radiologically inserted gast...
Article
Papillary fibroelastoma of the heart
Papillary fibroelastomas are rare benign primary cardiac tumors. However, of the primary cardiac tumors, they are one of the commonest to occur in relation to the cardiac valves (may account for 75% of valvular tumors 10).
Epidemiology
Its estimated prevalence ranges between <0.01 to 0.33% 5....
Article
Penetrating thoracic trauma
Penetrating thoracic trauma, namely gunshot and stab injuries, vary widely in incidence globally but nevertheless result in high mortality and serious morbidity. CT is the modality of choice in imaging these patients and can reduce the need for surgical exploration.
Pathology
Penetrating thor...
Article
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (grading mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the radiological grading of germinal matrix hemorrhage is:
CV2P
Mnemonic
It can be read as a central venous line
C: limited to the caudothalamic groove/ germinal matrix ( grade I )
V: expansion into ventricles less than 50% ( grade II )
V: dilated ventricles ( grade...
Article
Penetrating abdominopelvic trauma
Penetrating abdominopelvic trauma usually occurs in the setting of gunshot and stab injuries and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. CT is the modality of choice in imaging if the patient is stable enough before surgery. The most common injuries include small bowel, large bowel, liv...
Article
Using and attributing images from Radiopaedia
Using images from Radiopaedia in your presentations is not only OK but is actively encouraged. Radiopaedia is all about sharing our knowledge and cases and by so doing, makes it easier to teach and to learn from each other.
To download an image, just click the download icon (little cloud with ...
Article
Babygram
Babygram is a radiograph that captures the newborn's entire body, including limbs.
Indications
Babygram is done in AP and lateral views in post-mortem studies of the stillborn foetus or after the termination of pregnancy due to gross congenital anomalies 1.
Babygram is also used to determine...
Article
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (grading)
Grading of germinal matrix hemorrhage has taken several forms over the years. The most commonly used system is the sonographic grading system proposed by Burstein, Papile, et al.
Classification
grade I
restricted to subependymal region/germinal matrix which is seen in the caudothalamic groov...
Article
Subarachnoid FLAIR hyperintensity
There are a wide range of causes for subarachnoid FLAIR hyperintensity, both pathological and artifactual.
Differential diagnosis
Pathological causes
subarachnoid hemorrhage
meningitis
leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
FLAIR vascular hyperintensities in acute stroke 1,4,8
moyamoya disease
m...
Article
Cerebral small vessel disease
Cerebral small vessel disease, also known as cerebral microangiopathy, is an umbrella term for lesions in the brain attributed to pathology of small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, or small veins. It is the most common cause of vascular dementia/cognitive impairment and is a major ca...
Article
Playlists
Playlists are a fantastic way of collecting, organizing and sharing cases. They are an ordered collection of cases that you can then play from start to finish.
We have gathered some examples of educational playlists for you to browse.
Playlists can also have intervening static slides. The res...
Article
Dose length product
Dose length product (DLP) is a measure of CT tube radiation output/exposure (measured in mGy.cm). It is related to volume CT dose index (CTDIvol), but CTDIvol represents the dose through a slice of an appropriate phantom. The dose length product accounts for the length of radiation output along ...
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