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≤11 ribs (differential)

≤11 ribs is associated with a number of congenital abnormalities and skeletal dysplasias, including: Down syndrome (trisomy 21) campomelic dysplasia kyphomelic dysplasias asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia (Jeune syndrome) short rib polydactyly syndromes trisomy 18 chromosome 1q21.1 deletion...

18q-deletion syndrome

18q-deletion syndrome is a rare chromosomal anomaly where there is a deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 18. Associated symptoms and findings vary widely, as do their severity. Characteristic clinical features include short stature, intellectual disability, hypotonia, facial, and dist...

5th metacarpal pit

The 5th metacarpal pit refers to the normal exaggeration of the pit-like depression in the head of fifth metacarpal. Differential diagnosis It should not be mistaken for a boxer fracture (old or new) or an erosion.

Abdominal hernia

Abdominal hernias (herniae also used) may be congenital or acquired and come with varying eponyms. They are distinguished primarily based on location and content. 75-80% of all hernias are inguinal. Content of the hernia is variable, and may include: small bowel loops mobile colon segments (s...

Abdominal surface anatomy

Abdominal surface anatomy can be described when viewed from in front of the abdomen in 2 ways: divided into 9 regions by two vertical and two horizontal imaginary planes divided into 4 quadrants by single vertical and horizontal imaginary planes These regions and quadrants are of clinical imp...

Abdominal wall injury

Abdominal wall injuries comprise a set of injuries of the abdominal wall and include different forms of muscle injuries, traumatic hernias and injuries to the subcutaneous tissue. They are often overshadowed by the attention to associated “more severe” abdominal visceral injuries. Epidemiology...

Abductor digiti minimi muscle (foot)

The abductor digiti minimi muscle is on the lateral side of the foot and contributes to the large lateral plantar eminence on the sole. Summary origin: lateral and medial processes of calcaneal tuberosity, and band of connective tissue connecting calcaneus with base of metatarsal V insertion:...

Abductor digiti minimi muscle (hand)

The abductor digiti minimi muscle overlies the opponens digiti minimi muscle, within the hypothenar eminence, and is one of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. Occasionally an accessory abductor digiti minimi muscle of the hand is present. Summary origin: pisiform, pisohamate ligament, and tend...

Abductor hallucis muscle

The abductor hallucis muscle forms the medial margin of the foot and contributes to a soft tissue bulge on the medial side of the sole. Summary origin: medial process of calcaneal tuberosity insertion: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe action: abducts and flexes great toe ...

Abductor pollicis brevis muscle

The abductor pollicis brevis muscle is a thin subcutaneous muscle located laterally in the thenar eminence of the hand, and is one of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. Summary origin: mainly from the flexor retinaculum few fibers originate from the tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium and ten...

Abductor pollicis longus muscle

The abductor pollicis longus (APL) muscle is found in the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm. As it descends, it becomes superficial and passes under the extensor retinaculum and through the 1st extensor compartment of the wrist before attaching distally. It is one of the ext...

ABER position

The ABER position relates to MR arthrography of the shoulder joint and is a mnemonic for ABduction and External Rotation. In this position, labral tears are made conspicuous by tightening the inferior glenohumeral labroligamentous complex (which are also the most important glenohumeral ligament...

Abnormal ultrasound findings in rheumatological diseases (definitions)

The OMERACT ultrasound group published a consensus in 2005 of widely accepted definitions of abnormal ultrasound findings in rheumatological diseases: erosion: an intra-articular discontinuity of the bone surface that is visible in two orthogonal planes joint effusion: abnormal hypoechoic or a...

Abscess

Abscesses are focal confined collections of suppurative inflammatory material and can be thought of as having three components 1: a central core consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells and local tissue peripheral halo of viable neutrophils surrounded by a 'capsule' with dilated blood vessel...

Absent bow tie sign (knee)

The absent bow tie sign represents the loss of the normal appearance of the menisci on parasagittal MRI images and is suggestive of meniscal injury. Normally the medial and lateral menisci appear as low signal bow-tie-shaped structures between the femoral condyles and tibial plateaux. As the no...

Absent patella

An absent patella is a rare finding and can be found with an equally rare set of associations: surgical removal of patella (patellectomy) nail patella syndrome 2 popliteal pterygium syndrome proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD) Meier-Gorlin syndrome 3

Absent thumb

An absent thumb can have many associations. They include: Fanconi anemia (pancytopenia-dysmelia syndrome) Franceschetti syndrome Holt-Oram syndrome phocomelia (e.g. thalidomide embryopathy) Poland syndrome (pectoral muscle aplasia and syndactyly) Rothmund-Thomson syndrome Seckel syndrome ...

Accessory abductor digiti minimi muscle (hand)

An accessory abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscle is the commonest accessory muscle of the hypothenar eminence, found in 24% individuals. When present it is one of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. Summary origin: antebrachial fascia passing anteriorly to Guyon canal occasionally arises from...

Accessory anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

The accessory anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (accessory AITFL), also known as Bassett's ligament, is an anatomical variant present in many ankles. Pathological thickening of the accessory ligament is seen in the setting of inversion injury that causing the pain due to mild anterior inst...

Accessory flexor digitorum longus muscle

The accessory flexor digitorum longus muscle is an accessory muscle in the deep posterior compartment of the leg with a reported prevalence of 6-8%. Unilateral muscles are more common although bilateral cases have been reported. Summary origin: variable; either the medial margin of the tibia a...

Accessory muscle

Accessory muscles are a form of anatomic variation that refers to supplementary discrete muscles that are found alongside the normal expected musculature. They have been described in the neck, pelvis, upper and lower limbs.

Accessory navicular

An accessory navicular is a large accessory ossicle that can be present adjacent to the medial side of the navicular bone. The tibialis posterior tendon often inserts with a broad attachment into the ossicle. Most cases are asymptomatic but in a small proportion it may cause painful tendinosis d...

Accessory navicular syndrome

Accessory navicular syndrome occurs when a type II accessory navicular becomes painful due to movement across the pseudo-joint between the ossicle and the navicular bone. Radiographic features Ultrasound It can be inferred on musculoskeletal ultrasound if a patient's pain is located at a type...

Accessory ossicle of the anterior arch of the atlas

The accessory ossicle of the anterior arch of the atlas is a normal variant and is best appreciated on a lateral cervical/sagittal study. It is observed as a circular and corticated osseous density that articulates with the inferior aspect of the anterior arch of the atlas. It is not associate...

Accessory ossicles

Accessory ossicles are secondary ossification centers that remain separate from the adjacent bone. They are usually round or ovoid in shape, occur in typical locations and have well defined smooth cortical margins on all sides. In most cases, they are congenital in origin, although they may occ...

Accessory ossicles of the foot

Accessory ossicles of the feet are common developmental variants with almost 40 having been described. Some of the more common include 1-4: os peroneum os subfibulare os subtibiale os tibiale externum (accessory navicular) os trigonum os calcaneus secundaris os intermetatarseum pars pero...

Accessory ossicles of the lower limb

There are numerous named and unnamed accessory ossicles of the lower limb. These include: ossicles of the hip os acetabuli ossicles of the knee os fabella cyamella ossicles of the foot os peroneum os subfibulare os subtibiale os tibiale externum os trigonum os calcaneus secundaris o...

Accessory ossicles of the wrist

Accessory ossicles of the wrist are commonly seen on plain radiographs of the wrist and associated cross-sectional imaging. Over 20 were originally described 2, although the more common include 1: lunula: between TFCC and triquetrum os styloideum (carpal boss): on dorsal surface of 2nd or 3rd ...

Accessory ossicles of the wrist (mnemonic)

The accessory ossicles of the wrist can be easily recalled with the mnemonics: LOTTEO 1 HOTELS Mnemonics LOTTEO L: lunula O: os styloideum (carpal boss) T: (os) triangulare T: (os) trapezium secondarium E: (os) epilunate O: os hamuli proprium HOTELS H: (os) hamuli proprium O: os tri...

Accessory peroneal muscles

Accessory peroneal muscles are a group of accessory muscles that can occur in the foot region as a normal variant in some individuals. The peroneal compartment is known as the lateral compartment of the leg. Peroneus quartus muscle Originally, several accessory muscles were distinguished in th...

Accessory phrenic nerve

The accessory phrenic nerve is an anatomical variant seen in a little over one third of patients (36%). It most commonly arises from the ansa cervicalis, or slightly less commonly, the subclavian nerve. It is unknown as to how much the accessory phrenic nerve contributes to diaphragmatic functio...

Accessory sacroiliac joint

Accessory sacroiliac joints are a common finding, present on ~15% (range 13-17.5%) of CT studies, and may be unilateral or bilateral. They are an articulation between the medial aspect of the posterior superior iliac spine and the sacrum just lateral to the second dorsal sacral foramen. They may...

Accessory semimembranosus muscle

The accessory semimembranosus muscle is a rare accessory muscle of the posterior compartment of the thigh. It arises from the distal aspect of the semimembranosus muscle belly and courses through the popliteal fossa between it and the semitendinosus muscle medially and the biceps femoris lateral...

Accessory soleus muscle

The accessory soleus muscle is an anatomical variant characterized by an additional distinct muscle encountered along a normal soleus muscle. It is uncommon with a prevalence of ~3% (range 0.7-5.5%). Summary origin: fibula, soleal line of the tibia, or the anterior surface of the soleus muscle...

Accessory superior acetabular notch

An accessory superior acetabular notch is a normal variant of the acetabulum, which can be seen on radiographs. It may lead to diagnostic confusion, especially in younger patients. Radiographic features MRI appear as bilateral symmetric fluid-filled pits in the roof of the acetabulum with sh...

Acetabular angle

The acetabular angle is a radiographic measurement used when evaluating potential developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). It is most useful in patients who have started to ossify the epiphysis since ossification diminishes the usefulness of ultrasound. The angle is formed by a horizontal lin...

Acetabular dysplasia

Acetabular dysplasia is referred to as a shallow acetabulum, not being able to provide sufficient coverage for the femoral head and thus leading to instability of the hip joint. Terminology Acetabular dysplasia is a form of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) often referred to in the adol...

Acetabular foramen

The acetabular foramen is formed by the bony margins of the acetabular notch and completed by the transverse ligament of the hip. From its margins (both transverse ligament and acetabular notch) arises the ligamentum teres. Through it pass nutrient vessels to the femoral head epiphysis.

Acetabular fossa

The acetabular fossa, also known as the cotyloid fossa, is the central aspect of the medial wall of the acetabulum that hosts the ligamentum teres and the fibrofatty pulvinar. It is the nonarticular portion inside the U-shaped labrum that extends to the acetabular notch 1. The acetabular fossa i...

Acetabular fracture

Acetabular fractures are a type of pelvic fracture, which may also involve the ilium, ischium or pubis depending on fracture configuration. Epidemiology Acetabular fractures are uncommon. The reported incidence is approximately 3 per 100,000 per year. This study reported a 63% to 37% male to f...

Acetabular index

The acetabular index also called acetabular roof angle or Tönnis angle is a radiographic measurement of femoral head bony coverage by the acetabulum. It is useful in assessing for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) as well as pincer morphology in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Measur...

Acetabular labral calcification

Acetabular labral calcification in the hip can be a finding detected on imaging studies. It has an association with osteoarthritis of the hip and may account for higher pain levels in individuals with a high degree of calcification independent of age and histological degeneration 2. Differentia...

Acetabular labral sulcus

An acetabular labral sulcus is type of normal variant seen as cleft like appearance on imaging. It forms where the labrum meets the adjacent articular cartilage. Several sulci can be identified which include several sublabral sulci posterosuperior ~ 48% anterosuperior ~ 44% anteroinferior ~ ...

Acetabular labral tear

Acetabular labral tear, as the name implies, is a tear involving the acetabular labrum of the hip. It is defined as a defect in the labral surface, intralabral surface or chondrolabral junction 10. With the increasing use of hip arthroscopy in orthopedic surgery since the 1970s pathologies of t...

Acetabular labrum

Acetabular labrum acts to deepen the acetabulum and increase contact between the pelvis and the femoral head. Its exact biomechanical role remains to be fully elucidated. Gross anatomy The acetabular labrum is a C-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure with an opening anteroinferiorly at the site...

Acetabular notch

The acetabular notch is a depression in the margin of the acetabulum located anteroinferiorly. It is bridged by the transverse ligament, and thus forms the acetabular foramen. The ligamentum teres has part of its origin from the acetabular notch.

Acetabular protrusion

Acetabular protrusion, also known as protrusio acetabuli, is intrapelvic displacement of the acetabulum and femoral head, so that the femoral head projects medial to the ilioischial line. It should be differentiated from coxa profunda. Pathology Acetabular protrusion is divided into primary an...

Acetabular retroversion

Acetabular retroversion denotes an abnormal posterior angulation of the superolateral acetabular rim, resulting in excessive coverage of the femoral head and metaphysis along the anterior border 1,2. Epidemiology Acetabular retroversion is a common abnormality affecting 5 to 20% of the genera...

Acetabular sector angle

The acetabular sector angles are a set of angles, comprising the anterior acetabular sector angle (AASA), the posterior acetabular sector angle (PASA) and horizontal acetabular sector angle (HASA) and are used on cross-sectional imaging, especially pelvic CT, for the evaluation of acetabular cov...

Acetabular sourcil

The acetabular sourcil is a radiographic feature seen on plain radiographs of the hip and pelvis as well as coronal CT reformats and MR images. It refers to the roof or the weight-bearing area of the acetabulum and is characterized by an increased degree of sclerosis. Its medial and lateral edg...

Acetabular version angle

The acetabular version angle or acetabular anteversion angle is a measurement used on cross-sectional imaging especially pelvic CT for the assessment of acetabular morphology. Usage The acetabular version angle is influenced by pelvic obliquity and pelvic tilt, which might lead to measurement ...

Acetabulum

The acetabulum (plural: acetabula) is the large cup-shaped cavity on the anterolateral aspect of the pelvis that articulates with the femoral head to form the hip joint. Gross anatomy All three bones of the pelvis (the ilium, ischium, and pubis) together form the acetabulum. The three bones ar...

Acheiria

Acheiria refers to absence of one or both hands and can occur in a number of situations, including: amniotic band syndrome: particularly if unilateral Cornelia de Lange syndrome 1 fetal hydantoin syndrome 2 Epidemiology Rare defect occurring in 1:65 000 live births. See also absent thumb...

Achilles tendinopathy

Achilles tendinopathy refers to a combination of pathological changes affecting the Achilles tendon usually due to overuse and excessive chronic stress upon the tendon. It can be seen both in athletes and non-athletes. It is hard to differentiate clinically from a paratendinopathy (which is most...

Achilles tendon ossification

Achilles tendon ossification is an uncommon condition that consists of characteristic bone formation within the substance of the Achilles tendon. Epidemiology Achilles tendon ossification is more common in males 4. Pathology The etiology is unknown but Achilles tendon ossification is seen ...

Achilles tendon tear

Achilles tendon tears are the most common ankle tendon injuries, and are most commonly seen secondary to sports-related injury, especially squash and basketball. Epidemiology There is strong male over-representation presumably as a result of the predominantly sport related etiology. Patients a...

Achilles tendon thickening

Achilles tendon thickening can occur for a number of reasons. The Achilles tendon has an average AP diameter of 6 mm 1. Thickening of the tendon is when it exceeds 8 mm in AP diameter and can result from: Achilles tendinosis/tear post-surgical thickening retrocalcaneal bursitis degeneration...

Achilles tendon xanthoma

Achilles tendon xanthomata are painless soft tissue masses occurring most commonly at the distal portion of the tendon and are usually bilateral and symmetrical. Pathology Characterized by localized accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages, inflammatory cells and giant cells secondary to choles...

Achondrogenesis

Achondrogenesis refers to a group of rare and extreme skeletal dysplasias. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is 1:40,000 with no recognized gender predilection. Pathology It is classified as an osteochondrodysplasia, meaning deficiency of both bone and cartilage development. Subtypes T...

Achondrogenesis 1A

Achondrogenesis type Ia, also known as the Houston-Harris subtype, is a subtype of achondrogenesis. It is an extremely rare lethal skeletal dysplasia (chondrodysplasia) with a characteristic severe disarrangement of endochondral ossification. Clinical presentation Some of the common clinical f...

Achondrogenesis 1B

Achondrogenesis type Ib, also known as Parenti-Fraccaro subtype, is a subtype of achondrogenesis and is an extremely rare skeletal dysplasia (chondrodysplasia). Clinical presentation The fetuses frequently present in breech position. The physical appearance is strikingly abnormal and charact...

Achondroplasia

Achondroplasia is a congenital genetic disorder resulting in rhizomelic dwarfism and is the most common skeletal dysplasia. It has numerous distinctive radiographic features. Epidemiology It occurs due to sporadic mutations in the majority of cases but can be inherited as an autosomal dominan...

Achondroplastic base of skull abnormalities

Achondroplasia is the most common cause of short-limb dwarfism. (For a general discussion, see the generic article on achondroplasia.) As the skull base forms by endochondral ossification whereas the skull vault by membranous ossification, there is a marked discrepancy in relative size as the s...

Acquired lipodystrophy

Acquired lipodystrophy is defined by the loss of body fat, insulin resistance and metabolic profile derangement. Subtypes include Barraquer-Simons syndrome, localized lipodystrophy and Lawrence syndrome. Lipodystrophy is illustrated as a complete or partial loss of adipose tissues from the body....

Acral fibromyxoma

Acral fibromyxomas are benign mesenchymal proliferations prone to recurrence usually found in the subungual and periungual sites of the digits. Terminology Superficial acral fibromyxoma or digital fibromyxoma are other acceptable names, the term cellular digital fibroma is no longer recommende...

Acrocephalopolysyndactyly

Acrocephalopolysyndactyly (ACPS) syndrome is comprised of a rare group of disorders collectively characterized by: calvarial anomalies: e.g. craniosynostoses digital anomalies: syndactyly and polydactyly While there can be some overlap in features, they can be primarily classified into the fo...

Acrocephalosyndactyly

Acrocephalosyndactyly syndromes (ACS) are a rare group of disorders collectively characterized by: calvarial anomalies, e.g. craniosynostoses digital anomalies, e.g. syndactyly Classification While there can be some overlap in features, they can be primarily classified into the following maj...

Acrodysostosis

Acrodysostosis is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by growth retardation, nasal hypoplasia, brachydactyly, midfacial deficiency, intellectual disability and deafness. Pathology Most cases are sporadic. Few cases with autosomal dominant transmission have been reported. It is believed to ...

Acromegaly

Acromegaly is the result of excessive growth hormone production in skeletally mature patients, most commonly from a pituitary adenoma. The same excess of growth hormone in individuals whose epiphyses have not fused will result in gigantism (excessively tall stature). Epidemiology Acromegaly ...

Acromial apophysiolysis

Acromial apohysiolysis is a finding on shoulder MRI that may be encountered in patients with an unfused acromial apophysis. It is associated with athletes in throwing sports. Clinical presentation Presents with superior shoulder tenderness in a patient <25 years old, often in a young throwing ...

Acromial types

The shape of the acromion had been initially divided into three types (which was known as the Bigliani classification) 3, to which a fourth has been added 2. They are used as a standardized way of describing the acromion, as well as predicting to a degree the incidence of impingement. Classifi...

Acromioclavicular injury

Acromioclavicular joint (AC) injuries are characterized by damage to the acromioclavicular joint and surrounding structures. Almost invariably traumatic in etiology, they range in severity from a mild sprain to complete disruption. Epidemiology AC joint injuries can occur at any age but most f...

Acromioclavicular joint

The acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) is a planar diarthrodial synovial joint of the pectoral girdle. Gross anatomy The acromioclavicular joint is between the small facet of the convex distal clavicle and flat anteromedial acromion. The articular surfaces are lined with fibrocartilage (like the st...

Acromioclavicular joint (AP view)

The acromioclavicular AP view is a single projection assessing the patency of the acromioclavicular joint. See also, acromioclavicular joint injuries. Indications The AP view of the acromioclavicular joint is often requested when the referrer either knows about or highly suspects an acromiocl...

Acromioclavicular joint (AP weight-bearing view)

The acromioclavicular joint AP weight-bearing view, often performed together with the normal non-weight-bearing AP view, helps in ruling out joint displacement when it is suspected but not confirmed on the frontal image. Indications This view is used in the assessment of possible acromioclavic...

Acromioclavicular joint configuration

There is much variation in acromioclavicular joint configuration, which may be confused with pathology. The relationship of the acromion to the distal clavicle at the AC joint can be described in the coronal plane as 1-3: horizontal: normal low-lying: associated with shoulder impingement (unfo...

Acromioclavicular joint injection (technique)

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) injections under image guidance ensure precise delivery of an injectate into the joint. Ultrasound allows for real time visualization of the needle and administration of the injectate. Fluoroscopy is an alternative method of image guidance. Indications pain - art...

Acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative condition of the shoulder. Epidemiology Acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis accounts for ~20% (range 12.7-24%) of patients with shoulder pain. It most commonly presents in the fourth decade 3. Pathology Acromiocl...

Acromioclavicular joint series

The acromioclavicular (AC) joint radiographic series is used to evaluate the acromioclavicular joint and the distal clavicle. Indications AC radiographs are performed for a variety of indications including: shoulder trauma direct blows to the shoulder region following a fall onto an adduct...

Acromiohumeral interval

Acromiohumeral interval is a useful and reliable measurement on AP shoulder radiographs and when narrowed is indicative of rotator cuff tear or tendinopathy. Measurement The shortest distance is measured. Plain radiograph true AP shoulder radiograph measure from the cortical bone at the i...

Acromion

The acromion (plural: acromia), also known as the acromial process, is a small projection of the scapula that extends anteriorly from the spine of the scapula. Gross anatomy It forms the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) with the lateral third of the clavicle and also connects with the coracoid p...

Acromion fracture

The acromion process is the lateral projection of the scapula spine that extends anteriorly. Fractures of the scapula are uncommon injuries and account for ~3% of all shoulder fractures 1,2 while isolated acromion fractures occur rarely and account for only 9% of all scapular fractures 3. Patho...

Acro-osteolysis

Acro-osteolysis (plural: acro-osteolyses) refers to resorption of the distal phalanx. The terminal tuft is most commonly affected. It is associated with a heterogeneous group of pathological entities and, some of which can be remembered by using the mnemonic PINCH FO. When there is linear bone ...

Acro-osteolysis (mnemonic)

The causes of acro-osteolysis can be remembered using the mnemonic: PINCH FO Mnemonic P: psoriasis/pyknodysostosis I: injury, e.g. thermal burn, frost bite N: neuropathy, e.g. diabetes mellitus, leprosy C: collagen vascular disease, e.g. scleroderma, Raynaud disease H: hyperparathyroidism...

Acroparesthesia

Acroparesthesia refers to tingling, pins-and-needles, burning or numbness or stiffness in the hands and feet, particularly the fingers and toes 1. Occasionally episodic pain is also present, which can be very severe 1. It is one of the more common manifestations of Fabry disease (more common t...

Acute abdominal pain

Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management. Terminology A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...

Acute calcific periarthritis

Acute calcific periarthritis is an acutely painful monoarticular condition characterized by the juxta-articular deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals and local inflammation. Epidemiology Affects both males and females over a wide age range, however, occurs more frequently in females t...

Acute compartment syndrome

Acute compartment syndrome is a limb and life-threatening surgical emergency. It is a painful condition caused by increased intracompartmental pressure, compromising perfusion and resulting in muscle and nerve damage within that compartment. Epidemiology Acute compartment syndrome is more comm...

Adamantinoma

Adamantinomas are rare primary malignant bone tumors that in the vast majority of cases occur in the tibia of young patients. Terminology In the past, ameloblastomas, which are benign, locally aggressive bone tumors of the mandible, were also known as adamantinomas of the mandible. The two ent...

Adams forward bend test

The Adams forward bend test is clinical test to assess the presence of a scoliosis. Technique Exclusion of a limb length discrepancy is considered important prior to performing the test. The patient is asked to bend forward with feet together, arms hanging and knees extended until the back bec...

Adductor brevis muscle

The adductor brevis muscle is a muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh that lies immediately deep to the pectineus and adductor longus. Summary origin: external surface of body of pubis and inferior pubic ramus insertion: pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur actio...

Adductor canal

The adductor canal (also known as the Hunter canal or subsartorial canal) is a muscular tunnel in the thigh. It commences at the inferior end of the femoral triangle and terminates at the adductor hiatus. Gross anatomy Boundaries from apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus an...

Adductor canal syndrome

Adductor canal syndrome (also known as adductor canal compression syndrome) is a rare, non-atherosclerotic cause of arterial occlusion and limb ischemia 1. There is compression of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) in the adductor canal. Epidemiology External compression of the superficial f...

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