Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
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3,095 results found
Article
≤11 ribs (differential)
≤11 ribs is associated with a number of congenital abnormalities and skeletal dysplasias, including:
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
campomelic dysplasia
kyphomelic dysplasias
asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia (Jeune syndrome)
short rib polydactyly syndromes
trisomy 18
chromosome 1q21.1 deletion...
Article
18q-deletion syndrome
18q-deletion syndrome is a rare chromosomal anomaly where there is a deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 18. Associated symptoms and findings vary widely, as do their severity. Characteristic clinical features include short stature, intellectual disability, hypotonia, facial and dista...
Article
5th metacarpal pit
The 5th metacarpal pit refers to the normal exaggeration of the pit-like depression in the head of fifth metacarpal.
It should not be mistaken for a fracture (old or new) or an erosion.
Article
Abdominal hernia
Abdominal hernias (herniae also used) may be congenital or acquired and come with varying eponyms. They are distinguished primarily based on location and content. 75-80% of all hernias are inguinal.
Content of the hernia is variable, and may include:
small bowel loops
mobile colon segments (s...
Article
Abdominal surface anatomy
Abdominal surface anatomy can be described when viewed from in front of the abdomen in 2 ways:
divided into 9 regions by two vertical and two horizontal imaginary planes
divided into 4 quadrants by single vertical and horizontal imaginary planes
These regions and quadrants are of clinical imp...
Article
Abductor digiti minimi (foot)
The abductor digiti minimi muscle is on the lateral side of the foot and contributes to the large lateral plantar eminence on the sole.
Summary
origin: lateral and medial processes of calcaneal tuberosity, and band of connective tissue connecting calcaneus with base of metatarsal V
insertion:...
Article
Abductor digiti minimi muscle (hand)
The abductor digiti minimi muscle overlies the opponens digiti minimi, within the hypothenar eminence, and is one of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. Occasionally an accessory abductor digiti minimi muscle of the hand is present.
Summary
origin: pisiform, pisohamate ligament, and tendon of f...
Article
Abductor hallucis muscle
The abductor hallucis muscle forms the medial margin of the foot and contributes to a soft tissue bulge on the medial side of the sole.
Summary
origin: medial process of calcaneal tuberosity
insertion: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
action: abducts and flexes great toe ...
Article
Abductor pollicis brevis muscle
The abductor pollicis brevis muscle is a thin subcutaneous muscle located laterally in the thenar eminence of the hand, and is one of the intrinsic muscles of the hand.
Summary
origin: mainly from the flexor retinaculum
few fibers originate from the tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium and ten...
Article
Abductor pollicis longus
The abductor pollicis longus (APL) is a muscle found in the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm. As it descends, it becomes superficial and passes under the extensor retinaculum and through the 1st extensor compartment of the wrist before attaching distally. It is one of the e...
Article
ABER position
The ABER position relates to MR arthrography of the shoulder joint and is a mnemonic for ABduction and External Rotation.
In this position, labral tears are made conspicuous by tightening the inferior glenohumeral labroligamentous complex (which are also the most important glenohumeral ligament...
Article
Abnormal ultrasound findings in rheumatological diseases (definitions)
The OMERACT ultrasound group published a consensus in 2005 of widely accepted definitions of abnormal ultrasound findings in rheumatological diseases:
erosion: an intra-articular discontinuity of the bone surface that is visible in two orthogonal planes
joint effusion: abnormal hypoechoic or a...
Article
Abscess
Abscesses are focal confined collections of suppurative inflammatory material and can be thought of as having three components 1:
a central core consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells and local tissue
peripheral halo of viable neutrophils
surrounded by a 'capsule' with dilated blood vessel...
Article
Absent bow tie sign (knee)
The absent bow tie sign represents the loss of the normal appearance of the menisci on parasagittal MRI images and is suggestive of meniscal injury.
Normally the medial and lateral menisci appear as low signal bow-tie-shaped structures between the femoral condyles and tibial plateaux. As the no...
Article
Absent patella
An absent patella is a rare finding and can be found with an equally rare set of associations:
surgical removal of patella (patellectomy)
nail patella syndrome 2
popliteal pterygium syndrome
proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD)
Meier-Gorlin syndrome 3
Article
Absent thumb
An absent thumb can have many associations. They include:
Fanconi anemia (pancytopenia-dysmelia syndrome)
Franceschetti syndrome
Holt-Oram syndrome
phocomelia (e.g. thalidomide embryopathy)
Poland syndrome (pectoral muscle aplasia and syndactyly)
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome
Seckel syndrome ...
Article
Accessory abductor digiti minimi muscle (hand)
An accessory abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscle is the commonest accessory muscle of the hypothenar eminence, found in 24% individuals. When present it is one of the intrinsic muscles of the hand.
Summary
origin:
antebrachial fascia passing anteriorly to Guyon canal
occasionally arises from...
Article
Accessory anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
The accessory anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL), also known as Bassett's ligament, can be a cause of anterior ankle impingement syndrome. The accessory AITFL is described as a separate thickened distal fascial of the AITFL with a far distal extension on the lateral malleolus.
Article
Accessory flexor digitorum longus muscle
The accessory flexor digitorum longus muscle is an accessory muscle in the deep posterior compartment of the leg with a reported prevalence of 6-8%. Unilateral muscles are more common although bilateral cases have been reported.
Summary
origin: variable; either the medial margin of the tibia a...
Article
Accessory muscle
Accessory muscles are a form of anatomic variation that refers to supplementary discrete muscles that are found alongside the normal expected musculature. They have been described in the upper and lower limbs.
Article
Accessory navicular
An accessory navicular is a large accessory ossicle that can be present adjacent to the medial side of the navicular bone. The tibialis posterior tendon often inserts with a broad attachment into the ossicle. Most cases are asymptomatic but in a small proportion it may cause painful tendinosis d...
Article
Accessory navicular syndrome
Accessory navicular syndrome occurs when a type II accessory navicular becomes painful due to movement across the pseudo-joint between the ossicle and the navicular bone.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
It can be inferred on musculoskeletal ultrasound if a patient's pain is located at a type...
Article
Accessory ossicle of the anterior arch of the atlas
The accessory ossicle of the anterior arch of the atlas is a normal variant and is best appreciated on a lateral cervical/sagittal study. It is observed as a circular and corticated osseous density that articulates with the inferior aspect of the anterior arch of the atlas.
It is not associate...
Article
Accessory ossicles
Accessory ossicles are secondary ossification centers that remain separate from the adjacent bone. They are usually round or ovoid in shape, occur in typical locations and have well defined smooth cortical margins on all sides.
In most cases, they are congenital in origin, although they may occ...
Article
Accessory ossicles of the foot
Accessory ossicles of the feet are common developmental variants with almost 40 having been described. Some of the more common include 1-4:
os peroneum
os subfibulare
os subtibiale
os tibiale externum (accessory navicular)
os trigonum
os calcaneus secundaris
os intermetatarseum
pars pero...
Article
Accessory ossicles of the lower limb
There are numerous named and unnamed accessory ossicles of the lower limb. These include:
ossicles of the hip
os acetabuli
ossicles of the knee
os fabella
cyamella
ossicles of the foot
os peroneum
os subfibulare
os subtibiale
os tibiale externum
os trigonum
os calcaneus secundaris
o...
Article
Accessory ossicles of the wrist
Accessory ossicles of the wrist are commonly seen on plain radiographs of the wrist and associated cross-sectional imaging. Over 20 were originally described 2, although the more common include 1:
lunula: between TFCC and triquetrum
os styloideum (carpal boss): on dorsal surface of 2nd or 3rd ...
Article
Accessory ossicles of the wrist (mnemonic)
Accessory ossicles of the wrist can be easily recalled with the mnemonic:
LOTTEO 1
HOTELS
Mnemonic
LOTTEO
L: lunula
O: os styloideum (carpal boss)
T: (os) triangulare
T: (os) trapezium secondarium
E: (os) epilunate
O: os hamuli proprium
HOTELS
H: (os) hamuli proprium
O: os triangula...
Article
Accessory peroneal muscles
Accessory peroneal muscles are a group of accessory muscles that can occur in the foot region as a normal variant in some individuals. The peroneal compartment is known as the lateral compartment of the leg.
Peroneus quartus muscle
Originally, several accessory muscles were distinguished in th...
Article
Accessory phrenic nerve
The accessory phrenic nerve is an anatomical variant seen in a little over one third of patients (36%). It most commonly arises from the ansa cervicalis, or slightly less commonly, the subclavian nerve. It is unknown as to how much the accessory phrenic nerve contributes to diaphragmatic functio...
Article
Accessory sacroiliac joint
Accessory sacroiliac joints are a common finding, present on ~15% (range 13-17.5%) of CT studies, and may be unilateral or bilateral. They are an articulation between the medial aspect of the posterior superior iliac spine and the sacrum just lateral to the second dorsal sacral foramen. They may...
Article
Accessory semimembranosus muscle
The accessory semimembranosus muscle is a rare accessory muscle of the posterior compartment of the thigh. It arises from the distal aspect of the semimembranosus muscle belly and courses through the popliteal fossa between it and the semitendinosus muscle medially and the biceps femoris lateral...
Article
Accessory soleus muscle
The accessory soleus muscle is an anatomical variant characterized by an additional distinct muscle encountered along a normal soleus muscle. It is uncommon with a prevalence of ~3% (range 0.7-5.5%).
Summary
origin: fibula, soleal line of the tibia, or the anterior surface of the soleus muscle...
Article
Accessory superior acetabular notch
An accessory superior acetabular notch is a normal variant of the acetabulum, which can be seen on radiographs. It may lead to diagnostic confusion, especially in younger patients.
Radiographic features
MRI
appear as bilateral symmetric fluid-filled pits in the roof of the acetabulum with sh...
Article
Acetabular angle
The acetabular angle is a radiographic measurement used when evaluating potential developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). It is most useful in patients who have started to ossify the epiphysis since ossification diminishes the usefulness of ultrasound.
The angle is formed by a horizontal lin...
Article
Acetabular foramen
The acetabular foramen is formed by the bony margins of the acetabular notch and completed by the transverse ligament of the hip. From its margins (both transverse ligament and acetabular notch) arises the ligamentum teres. Through it pass nutrient vessels to the femoral head epiphysis.
Article
Acetabular fracture
Acetabular fractures are a pelvic fracture, which may also involve the ilium, ischium, and/or pubis depending on fracture configuration.
Epidemiology
Acetabular fractures are uncommon. The reported incidence is approximately 3 per 100,000 per year. This study reported a 63% to 37% male to fema...
Article
Acetabular labral calcification
Acetabular labral calcification in the hip can be a finding detected on imaging studies. It has an associated with osteoarthritis of the hip and may account for higher pain levels in individuals with a high degrees of calcification independent of age and histological degeneration 2.
Differentia...
Article
Acetabular labral sulcus
An acetabular labral sulcus is type of normal variant seen as cleft like appearance on imaging. It forms where the labrum meets the adjacent articular cartilage. Several sulci can be identified which include
several sublabral sulci
posterosuperior ~ 48%
anterosuperior ~ 44%
anteroinferior ~ ...
Article
Acetabular labral tears
Acetabular labral tears, as the name implies, are tears involving the acetabular labrum of the hip.
With the increasing use of hip arthroscopy in orthopedic surgery since the 1970s pathologies of the acetabular labrum as a possible cause of chronic hip and groin pain have become more familiar...
Article
Acetabular labrum
Acetabular labrum acts to deepen the acetabulum and increase contact between the pelvis and the femoral head. Its exact biomechanical role remains to be fully elucidated.
Gross anatomy
The acetabular labrum is a C-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure with an opening anteroinferiorly at the site...
Article
Acetabular notch
The acetabular notch is a depression in the margin of the acetabulum located anteroinferiorly. It is bridged by the transverse ligament, and thus forms the acetabular foramen. The ligamentum teres has part of its origin from the acetabular notch.
Article
Acetabulum
The acetabulum (plural: acetabula) is the large cup-shaped cavity on the anterolateral aspect of the pelvis that articulates with the femoral head to form the hip joint.
Gross anatomy
All three bones of the pelvis (the ilium, ischium, and pubis) together form the acetabulum. The three bones ar...
Article
Acheiria
Acheiria refers to absence of one or both hands and can occur in a number of situations, including:
amniotic band syndrome: particularly if unilateral
Cornelia de Lange syndrome 1
fetal hydantoin syndrome 2
Epidemiology
Rare defect occurring in 1:65 000 live births.
See also
absent thumb...
Article
Achilles tendinopathy
Achilles tendinopathy refers to a combination of pathological changes affecting the Achilles tendon usually due to overuse and excessive chronic stress upon the tendon. It can be seen both in athletes and non-athletes. It is hard to differentiate clinically from a paratendinopathy (which is most...
Article
Achilles tendon ossification
Achilles tendon ossification is an uncommon condition that consists of characteristic bone formation within the substance of the Achilles tendon.
Epidemiology
Achilles tendon ossification is more common in males 4.
Pathology
The etiology is unknown but Achilles tendon ossification is seen ...
Article
Achilles tendon tear
Achilles tendon tears are the most common ankle tendon injuries, and are most commonly seen secondary to sports-related injury, especially squash and basketball.
Epidemiology
There is strong male over-representation presumably as a result of the predominantly sport related etiology. Patients a...
Article
Achilles tendon thickening
Achilles tendon thickening can occur for a number of reasons.
The Achilles tendon has an average AP diameter of 6 mm 1. Thickening of the tendon is when it exceeds 8 mm in AP diameter and can result from:
Achilles tendinosis/tear
post-surgical thickening
retrocalcaneal bursitis
degeneration...
Article
Achilles tendon xanthoma
Achilles tendon xanthomas are painless soft tissue masses occurring most commonly at the distal one-third of the tendon and are usually bilateral and symmetrical.
Pathology
It is characterized by localized accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages, inflammatory cells and giant cells secondary to...
Article
Achondrogenesis
Achondrogenesis refers to a group of rare and extreme skeletal dysplasias.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 1:40,000 with no recognized gender predilection.
Pathology
It is classified as an osteochondrodysplasia, meaning deficiency of both bone and cartilage development.
Subtypes
T...
Article
Achondrogenesis 1A
Achondrogenesis type Ia, also known as the Houston-Harris subtype, is a subtype of achondrogenesis. It is an extremely rare lethal skeletal dysplasia (chondrodysplasia) with a characteristic severe disarrangement of endochondral ossification.
Clinical presentation
Some of the common clinical f...
Article
Achondrogenesis 1B
Achondrogenesis type Ib, also known as Parenti-Fraccaro subtype, is a subtype of achondrogenesis and is an extremely rare skeletal dysplasia (chondrodysplasia).
Pathology
Undersulphation has a pronounced effect on the composition of the extracellular matrix of cartilage, and this has been sh...
Article
Achondroplasia
Achondroplasia is a congenital genetic disorder resulting in rhizomelic dwarfism and is the most common skeletal dysplasia. It has numerous distinctive radiographic features.
Epidemiology
It occurs due to sporadic mutations in the majority of cases but can be inherited as an autosomal dominan...
Article
Achondroplastic base of skull abnormalities
Achondroplasia is the most common cause of short-limb dwarfism. (For a general discussion, see the generic article on achondroplasia.)
As the skull base forms by endochondral ossification whereas the skull vault by membranous ossification, there is a marked discrepancy in relative size as the s...
Article
Acrocephalopolysyndactyly
Acrocephalopolysyndactyly (ACPS) syndrome is comprised of a rare group of disorders collectively characterized by:
calvarial anomalies: e.g. craniosynostoses
digital anomalies: syndactyly and polydactyly
While there can be some overlap in features, they can be primarily classified into the fo...
Article
Acrocephalosyndactyly
Acrocephalosyndactyly syndromes (ACS) are a rare group of disorders collectively characterized by:
calvarial anomalies, e.g. craniosynostoses
digital anomalies, e.g. syndactyly
Classification
While there can be some overlap in features, they can be primarily classified into the following maj...
Article
Acrodysostosis
Acrodysostosis is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by growth retardation, nasal hypoplasia, brachydactyly, midfacial deficiency, intellectual disability and deafness.
Pathology
Most cases are sporadic. Few cases with autosomal dominant transmission have been reported. It is believed to ...
Article
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is the result of excessive growth hormone production in skeletally mature patients, most commonly from a pituitary adenoma. The same excess of growth hormone in individuals whose epiphyses have not fused will result in gigantism (excessively tall stature).
Epidemiology
Acromegaly ...
Article
Acromial apophysiolysis
Acromial apohysiolysis is a finding on shoulder MRI that may be encountered in patients with an unfused acromial apophysis. It is associated with athletes in throwing sports.
Clinical presentation
Presents with superior shoulder tenderness in a patient <25 years old, often in a young throwing ...
Article
Acromial types
The shape of the acromion had been initially divided into three types (which was known as the Bigliani classification) 3, to which a fourth has been added 2. They are used as a standardized way of describing the acromion, as well as predicting to a degree the incidence of impingement.
Classifi...
Article
Acromioclavicular injury
Acromioclavicular joint injuries are characterized by damage to the acromioclavicular joint and surrounding structures. Almost invariably traumatic in etiology, they range in severity from a mild sprain to complete disruption.
Clinical presentation
Acromioclavicular joint injuries usually occu...
Article
Acromioclavicular joint
The acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) is a plane synovial joint (diarthrodial joint) of the pectoral girdle.
Gross anatomy
The acromioclavicular joint is between the small facet of the convex distal clavicle and flat medial acromion. The articular surfaces are lined with fibrocartilage (like the s...
Article
Acromioclavicular joint (AP view)
The acromioclavicular AP view is a single projection assessing the patency of the acromioclavicular joint.
See also, acromioclavicular joint injuries.
Patient position
patient is erect
midcoronal plane of the patient is parallel to the image receptor, in other words, the patient's back is ag...
Article
Acromioclavicular joint (AP weight-bearing view)
The acromioclavicular AP weight-bearing view is and additional interjection often performed to rule out displacement when it is suspected yet not confirmed on the AP view
See also, acromioclavicular joint injuries.
Patient position
the patient is erect holding a weight in the affected sides h...
Article
Acromioclavicular joint configuration
There is much variation in acromioclavicular joint configuration, which may be confused with pathology. The relationship of the acromion to the distal clavicle at the AC joint can be described in the coronal plane as 1-3:
horizontal: normal
low-lying: associated with shoulder impingement (unfo...
Article
Acromioclavicular joint series
The acromioclavicular (AC) joint radiographic series is used to evaluate the acromioclavicular joint and the distal clavicle.
Indications
AC radiographs are performed for a variety of indications including:
shoulder trauma
direct blows to the should region
following a fall onto adducted ar...
Article
Acromiohumeral interval
Acromiohumeral interval is a useful and reliable measurement on AP shoulder radiographs and when narrowed is indicative of rotator cuff tear or tendinopathy.
Pathology
Measurements of the acromiohumeral interval in the following intervals are suggestive of pathology 1,2:
>12 mm: shoulder dis...
Article
Acromion
The acromion (plural: acromia), also known as the acromial process, is a small projection of the scapula that extends anteriorly from the spine of the scapula.
Gross anatomy
It forms the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) with the lateral third of the clavicle, and also connects with the coracoid ...
Article
Acro-osteolysis
Acro-osteolysis refers to resorption of the distal phalanx. The terminal tuft is most commonly affected but the shaft of the distal phalanx can also be affected in a few conditions. It is associated with a heterogeneous group of pathological entities and, some of which can be remembered by using...
Article
Acro-osteolysis (mnemonic)
The causes of acro-osteolysis can be remembered using the mnemonic:
PINCH FO
Mnemonic
P: psoriasis/pyknodysostosis
I: injury, e.g. thermal burn, frost bite
N: neuropathy, e.g. diabetes mellitus, leprosy
C: collagen vascular disease, e.g. scleroderma, Raynaud disease
H: hyperparathyroidism...
Article
Acroparesthesia
Acroparesthesia refers to tingling, pins-and-needles, burning or numbness or stiffness in the hands and feet, particularly the fingers and toes 1. Occasionally episodic pain is also present, which can be very severe 1.
Is one of the more common manifestations of Fabry disease (more common than...
Article
Acute calcific periarthritis
Acute calcific periarthritis is an acutely painful monoarticular condition characterized by the juxta-articular deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals and local inflammation.
Epidemiology
Affects both males and females over a wide age range, however, occurs more frequently in females t...
Article
Acute compartment syndrome
Acute compartment syndrome is a limb and life-threatening surgical emergency. It is a painful condition caused by increased intracompartmental pressure, compromising perfusion and resulting in muscle and nerve damage within that compartment.
Epidemiology
Acute compartment syndrome is more comm...
Article
Adamantinoma
Adamantinomas are rare primary malignant bone tumors that in the vast majority of cases occur in the tibia of young patients.
Terminology
In the past, ameloblastomas, which are benign, locally aggressive bone tumors of the mandible, were also known as adamantinomas of the mandible. The two ent...
Article
Adams forward bend test
The Adams forward bend test is clinical test to assess the presence of a scoliosis.
Technique
Exclusion of a limb length discrepancy is considered important prior to performing the test. The patient is asked to bend forward with feet together, arms hanging and knees extended until the back bec...
Article
Adductor brevis muscle
The adductor brevis is a muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh that lies immediately deep to the pectineus and adductor longus.
Summary
origin: external surface of body of pubis and inferior pubic ramus
insertion: posterior surface of proximal femur, linea aspera, medial supracondylar...
Article
Adductor canal
The adductor canal (also known as the Hunter canal) is a muscular tunnel in the thigh. It commences at the inferior end of the femoral triangle and terminates at the adductor hiatus.
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
anteriorly: sartorius muscle
posteromedially: adductor longus and adductor magnus m...
Article
Adductor canal syndrome
Adductor canal syndrome (also known as adductor canal compression syndrome) is a rare, non-atherosclerotic cause of arterial occlusion and limb ischemia 1. There is compression of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) in the adductor canal.
Epidemiology
External compression of the superficial f...
Article
Adductor hallucis muscle
The adductor hallucis muscle arises by two heads, an oblique and transverse head. It is responsible for adducting the big toe.
Summary
origin
transverse head: ligaments associated with metatarsophalangeal joints of lateral three toes
oblique head: bases of metatarsals II to IV and from sheat...
Article
Adductor longus muscle
The adductor longus is a muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh that lies anterior to the adductor magnus.
Summary
origin: external surface of body of pubis (triangular depression inferior to pubic crest and lateral to pubic symphysis)
insertion: linea aspera on middle one-third of sh...
Article
Adductor magnus muscle
The adductor magnus is the largest and deepest of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh. Like the adductor longus and brevis muscles, the adductor magnus is a triangular or fan shaped muscle anchored by its apex to the pelvis and attached by its expanded base to the femur.
Summary
...
Article
Adductor minimus muscle
The adductor minimus is a small, variably present muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh.
Summary
origin: ischiopubic ramus
insertion: medial lip of linea aspera, adductor tubercle
action: adducts, extends and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
arterial supply: medial femoral ci...
Article
Adductor pollicis muscle
The adductor pollicis muscle is a large triangular muscle anterior to the plane of the interossei that crosses the palm. It is the deepest muscle of the thenar eminence, and is one of the intrinsic muscles of the hand.
Summary
origin:
transverse head: 3rd metacarpal
oblique head: capitate an...
Article
Adductor tubercle
The adductor tubercle is a bony protuberance on the medial condyle of the femur and is located superior to the medial epicondyle. It demarcates the inferior most aspect of the medial supracondylar line. The adductor tubercle is the point of insertion for the adductor minimus and the hamstrings p...
Article
Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder, also known as frozen shoulder, is a condition characterized by thickening and contraction of the shoulder joint capsule and surrounding synovium. Adhesive capsulitis can rarely affect other sites such as the ankle 8.
Epidemiology
The incidence in the genera...
Article
ADIR position
The ADIR (ADduction and Internal Rotation) position relates to MR arthrography of the shoulder joint.
When added to a neutral-position shoulder protocol, MR arthrography in the ADIR position facilitates the diagnosis of labroligamentous lesions in patients with recurrent shoulder dislocations, ...
Article
Adult elbow radiograph (an approach)
Systematic review
Whenever you look at an adult elbow x-ray, review:
alignment
fat pads
bone cortex
Alignment
Check the anterior humeral line:
drawn down the anterior surface of the humerus
should intersect the middle 1/3 of the capitellum
if it doesn't, think distal humeral fracture
C...
Article
Adult-onset Still disease
Adult-onset Still disease is a rare multisystem inflammatory disorder.
Epidemiology
Still disease in adults is rare affecting around 1.5 per 100,000 people, it occurs in a bimodal distribution with one peak around the age of 15-25 years old and another around the age of 35-45 years old 1. It a...
Article
Adventitial bursae
Adventitial bursae are those bursae that develop later in life in response to pressures developed as a result of acquired bony prominences or deformities 1. These bursa can become inflamed resulting in adventitious bursitis.
Article
Adventitious bursitis
Adventitious or adventitial bursitis refers to inflammation associated with adventitious bursae.
Adventitious bursae are not permanent native bursae. They can develop in adulthood at sites where subcutaneous tissue becomes exposed to high pressure and friction.
Clinical presentation
When pres...
Article
Aggressive angiomyxoma
Aggressive angiomyxomas are rare tumors that arise in the pelvis and typically cross the levator ani muscles. Despite its name, it is essentially a benign tumor and the term "aggressive" is given due to a predilection for local recurrence. Only rarely does it metastasize.
Epidemiology
It is se...
Article
Aggressive fibromatosis
Aggressive fibromatosis is a type of musculoskeletal fibromatosis. While it is a non-metastasizing fibrous lesion, it is thought to be a true neoplasm that arises from the fascial and musculoaponeurotic coverings, sometimes at the site of a traumatic or post-surgical scar.
Terminology
The term...
Article
Aggressive granulomatosis post hip replacement
Aggressive granulomatosis post hip replacement is a potential complication of a hip joint replacement. Some authors use the same term for particle disease - if you are an expert on this we would love your help.
Pathology
Aggressive granulomas consist of well organized connective tissue contain...
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