Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,858 results found
Article
Pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation
Pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) are, as the name suggests, tumors that fall between pineocytoma (well-differentiated, WHO grade 1) and pineoblastomas (poorly differentiated, WHO grade 4). They are considered WHO grade 2 or 3 tumors 4. Their radiographic appearan...
Article
Post-hydrocephalus corpus callosum damage
Post-hydrocephalus corpus callosum damage is seen both in the setting of, and following treatment for, long-standing hydrocephalus. The exact pathophysiology remains to be fully elucidated but both compression and rapid decompression with resultant changes in morphology have been implicated.
Tw...
Article
Institutional member (institutions)
Institutional members are Radiopaedia users who are affiliated with one or more verified institutions and who have themselves been verified by their institution's admin as belonging to that institution.
Thus to become a verified institutional member and attain the institutional member achievem...
Article
Parietal lobe
The parietal lobe is one of the four lobes of the brain (along with the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe), located between the frontal and occipital lobes and underlying the parietal bone. It occupies about 19% of the cerebral hemispheres volume.
Gross anatomy
The parietal lobe ...
Article
Basilar process
The basilar process, also known as the mammillar or papillar process, is a rare anatomical variant of the occipital bone that is part of the spectrum of occipital vertebrae 1.
Epidemiology
The basilar process is a rare variant, with a reported prevalence of 4% 2.
Clinical presentation
A basi...
Article
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Sturge-Weber syndrome, also known as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis or encephalofacial angiomatosis, is a phakomatosis characterized by facial port-wine birthmark (capillary malformation) and pial angiomas.
It is part of a wide spectrum of possible phenotypes included in the cerebrofacial ar...
Article
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of extra-axial intracranial hemorrhage and denotes the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space.
Epidemiology
Patients tend to be older middle age, typically less than 60 years old 2. Subarachnoid hemorrhage accounts for 3% of stroke and 5% of str...
Article
Peritesticular lipoma
Peritesticular lipoma is considered the most common benign tumor of the paratesticular tissues and spermatic cord (can comprising around 45% of paratesticular masses).
Clinical presentation
Often manifests as an incidentally discovered nontender scrotal mass. Can affect patients over a wide ag...
Article
Teratoma
Teratomas are germ cell tumors that arise from ectopic pluripotent stem cells that fail to migrate from the yolk sac endoderm to the urogenital ridge during embryogenesis. By definition, they contain elements from all three embryological layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm although frequentl...
Article
Scoliosis
Scoliosis (plural: scolioses) is defined as an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It is quite common in young individuals and is often idiopathic and asymptomatic. In some cases, however, it is the result of underlying structural or neurological abnormalities.
Terminology
Early onset sco...
Article
Stoma
A stoma (plural stomata) is defined as an artificially created connection between two hollow organs or a hollow organ and the skin. A surgical procedure that involves the creation of a stoma carries the suffix "-ostomy".
For a discussion of imaging features and potential complications, please r...
Article
Errors in diagnostic radiology
Errors in diagnostic radiology occur for a variety of reasons related to human error, technical factors and system faults. It is important to recognize that various cognitive biases contribute to these errors.
Classification
Renfrew classification
This classification was proposed by Renfrew e...
Article
Babygram
Babygram is a radiograph that captures the newborn's entire body, including limbs.
Some authors refer to chest and abdominal radiograph of the baby as "thoracoabdominal babygram" 4.
Indications
Babygram is done in post-mortem studies of the stillborn foetus or after the termination of pregnan...
Article
CSF otorrhea
CSF otorrhea is defined as leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space into the middle ear cavity or mastoid air cells and then out the ear via a perforation in the tympanic membrane or defect in the external ear.
Epidemiology
There are a number of underlying causes (see b...
Article
Osteochondral injury staging
Osteochondral injury staging system for MRI attempts to grade the stability and severity of osteochondral injury and is used to plan management.
Classification
stage I
injury limited to articular cartilage
MRI findings: subchondral edema
x-ray findings: none
stage II
cartilage injury with...
Article
Radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG)
A Radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG), or percutaneous radiological gastrostomy (RPG), is a procedure where a gastrostomy tube is inserted percutaneously into the stomach under fluoroscopic guidance, principally to provide nutritional support for patients with swallowing disorders 1. Gastr...
Article
Subarachnoid FLAIR hyperintensity
There are a wide range of causes for subarachnoid FLAIR hyperintensity, both pathological and artifactual.
Differential diagnosis
Pathological causes
subarachnoid hemorrhage
meningitis
leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
FLAIR vascular hyperintensities in acute stroke 1,4,8
moyamoya disease
m...
Article
Papillary fibroelastoma of the heart
Papillary fibroelastomas are rare benign primary cardiac tumors. However, of the primary cardiac tumors, they are one of the commonest to occur in relation to the cardiac valves (may account for 75% of valvular tumors 10).
Epidemiology
Its estimated prevalence ranges between <0.01 to 0.33% 5....
Article
Stochastic effects
Stochastic effects occur by chance and can be compared to deterministic effects which result in a direct effect. Cancer induction and radiation induced hereditary effects are the two main examples of stochastic effects.
Models
Cancer induction as a result of exposure to radiation is thought by...
Article
Plantar fascia
The plantar fascia or plantar aponeurosis is a dense collection of collagen fibers on the sole (plantar surface) of the foot. These fibers are mostly longitudinal but also transverse.
Gross anatomy
Posteriorly it attaches to the medial process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus, proximal to fl...
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