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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Paget disease (bone)

Paget disease of the bone is a common, chronic metabolic bone disorder characterized by excessive abnormal bone remodeling. The classically described radiological appearances are expanded bone with a coarsened trabecular pattern. The pelvis, spine, skull, and proximal long bones are most frequen...

Fornix (brain)

The fornix (plural: fornices) is the main efferent system of the hippocampus and an important part of the limbic system. It is one of the commissural fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres. Gross anatomy Roughly C-shaped, the fornix extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies of ...

Papez circuit

The Papez circuit is a fundamental component of the limbic system. It is a closed neural circuitry that starts and ends in the hippocampus. It is also known as the medial limbic circuit. Gross anatomy The Papez circuit involves different structures of the brain including 2: hippocampus and a...

Morgan and Superina classification of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts

The Morgan and Superina classification of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts is based on the absence (type 1) or presence (type 2) of intrahepatic portal blood supply 2. Usage This classification system is widely used (c. 2020) 2, although there is evidence that all congenital extrah...

Transient global amnesia

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome with no clear etiology identified. The syndrome is transient and typically resolves within a few hours. Epidemiology Transient global amnesia is most common in the 60-70 year age range 8. Associations migraine, approximately 2.5-fold inc...

Amaurosis fugax

Amaurosis fugax is the transient monocular loss of vision, normally lasting a few seconds to a few minutes, secondary to vascular ischemia or insufficiency. Epidemiology It has an incidence of 50,000 per year in the United States. Clinical presentation Patients present with transient monoc...

Recurrent artery of Heubner

Recurrent artery of Heubner, also known as the medial striate artery or long central artery, is the largest perforating branch from the proximal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and is the only one routinely seen on angiography. Gross anatomy Origin and course The origin is from the anterior ce...

Long COVID-19

Long COVID-19 also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) or post COVID-19 condition, is a post-viral syndrome affecting people who have recovered from COVID-19 infection. Symptoms are similar to those experienced by patients with chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS...

Amnestic syndrome of the subcallosal artery

Amnestic syndrome of the subcallosal artery describes an acute amnestic syndrome secondary to ischemic stroke affecting the subcallosal artery which leads to infarction of the bilateral fornices. Epidemiology The exact incidence of amnestic syndrome of the subcallosal artery is not known, but ...

Main differentials in musculoskeletal imaging

Here is a list of some of the most useful differential diagnoses in musculoskeletal imaging. By process lucent/lytic bone lesions (FEGNOMASHIC) multiple lucent/lytic bone lesions benign lytic bone lesions in patients under 30 years old diffuse bony sclerosis permeative process in bone pse...

Kellgren and Lawrence system for classification of osteoarthritis

The Kellgren and Lawrence system is a common method of classifying the severity of osteoarthritis (OA) using five grades. The original paper 1 graded OA at the following sites and projections: hands: posteroanterior cervical spine: lateral lumbar spine (facet joints only): lateral hips: an...

Gilula three carpal arcs

Gilula three carpal arcs are used in the assessment of the normal alignment of the carpus on PA wrist radiographs: first arc: is a smooth curve outlining the proximal convexities of the scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum second arc: traces the distal concave surfaces of the same bones third arc:...

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury and occurs as a result of a severe pulmonary injury that causes alveolar damage heterogeneously throughout the lung. It can either result from a direct pulmonary source or as a response to systemic injury. This is a disti...

Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate

Ductal adenocarcinomas of the prostate or prostatic ductal adenocarcinomas are malignant glandular neoplasms of the prostate and tend to be more aggressive than acinar adenocarcinomas. Terminology Due to its morphologic resemblance, it has been formerly referred to as 'endometrial' or 'endomet...

Diffuse axonal injury (grading)

Grading of diffuse axonal injury due to trauma is described according to the anatomic distribution of injury. Contrary to the implication of the word "diffuse," diffuse axonal injury has a topological predilection for focal involvement of certain sites in the brain. These sites, in turn, vary in...

Dameron-Lawrence-Botte classification of proximal 5th metatarsal fractures

The Dameron-Lawrence-Botte classification, or Lawrence-Botte classification, is a commonly used system for proximal fifth metatarsal fractures as it has management implications 3. Classification Under this system, proximal fifth metatarsal fractures are categorized into one of three anatomic ...

Cyanotic congenital heart disease

A number of entities can present as cyanotic congenital heart disease. These can be divided into those with increased (pulmonary plethora) or decreased pulmonary vascularity: increased pulmonary vascularity total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) (types I and II) transposition of the ...

Crawford classification

The Crawford classification system is used to classify thoracoabdominal aneurysms and has important therapeutic implications. Precise classification of anatomical features allows accurate risk stratification and appropriate operative planning 1,2. Classification The system divides thoracoabdo...

Congenital pulmonary stenosis

Congenital pulmonary stenosis refers to congenital narrowing of the right ventricular outflow tract, pulmonary valve, or pulmonary artery. See pulmonary valve stenosis for a general discussion about this valvulopathy. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births. Associations Co...

Coxa vara

Coxa vara describes a hip deformity where the femoral neck-shaft angle is decreased, usually defined as <120°. Pathology It can be congenital or acquired. The common mechanism in congenital cases is a failure of the medial growth of the physeal plate 3. Etiology The etiology of coxa vara w...

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