Items tagged “aids”
15 results found
Article
Pulmonary Pneumocystis jirovecii infection
Pulmonary Pneumocystis jirovecii infection, also known as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) or Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), is an atypical pulmonary infection and the most common opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Terminology
Classically, ...
Article
Kaposi sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-to-intermediate grade mesenchymal tumor that involves the lymphovascular system. The tumor can involve the pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous and musculoskeletal systems. Although it is often thought of as an AIDS-related condition, it may also be seen in other p...
Article
HIV associated neoplasms
HIV-associated neoplasms are numerous and can be broadly divided into two groups:
AIDS-defining malignancies
associated but not AIDS defining malignancies
AIDS-defining malignancies
The development of these malignancies in HIV affected individuals generally implies progression to AIDS...
Article
Toxoplasmosis vs lymphoma
Toxoplasmosis and lymphoma are frequently differential diagnoses in patients with HIV/AIDS, as these represent the most common brain lesions with mass effect in this population. As treatment is substantially different, distinguishing the two on imaging is important, particularly when the lesion ...
Article
Obstructive bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Obstructive bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is an uncommon manifestation of non-invasive aspergillosis seen in patients with AIDS. It is typically caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and represents marked overgrowth of intraluminal of the fungus.
Article
Bacillary angiomatosis
Bacillary angiomatosis is an infective complication in those with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 3. Amongst other widespread multi-organ manifestations, the infection causes skin lesions which can be similar to those of Kaposi sarcoma.
Pathology
Characterized by a non-neoplastic...
Article
HIV/AIDS (CNS manifestations)
The CNS manifestations of HIV/AIDS (neuroAIDS) occur secondary to a wide range of neurodegenerative, infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic processes.
Epidemiology
Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 1996, there has been a shift in the epidemiology of CNS manifestations...
Article
HIV/AIDS (cardiovascular manifestations)
Cardiovascular manifestations are seen with increased frequency in the HIV/AIDS adult population, and include:
pericardial effusions
dilated cardiomyopathy (prevalence 8-30%)
endocarditis: either infective or non-bacterial thrombotic (marantic) which is associated with malignancy or HIV wasti...
Article
AIDS-defining illness
AIDS-defining illnesses are conditions that in the setting of a HIV infection confirm the diagnosis of AIDS and do not commonly occur in immunocompetent individuals 2. According to the CDC surveillance case definition 1, they are:
Infectious
bacterial infections: multiple or recurrent
ca...
Article
HIV/AIDS (musculoskeletal manifestations)
Musculoskeletal manifestations of HIV/AIDS are not as common as CNS or pulmonary complications. Nonetheless, their prevalence is high.
Pathology
Depending on the condition, etiology may be related to the HIV infection itself, the resultant immunodeficiency, or antiretroviral therapy (ART).
I...
Article
HIV-associated lipodystrophy
HIV-associated lipodystrophy (also known as fat redistribution syndrome) is a lipomatosis seen in a number of AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy. It is characterized by changes in the distribution of regional body fat, with increased central adiposity and loss of subcutaneous fat in the lim...
Article
Non-AIDS associated Kaposi sarcoma
Non-AIDS associated Kaposi's sarcoma is a localized process which rarely involves lymph nodes or organs.
For a discussion of Kaposi sarcoma in general, please refer to Kaposi sarcoma.
Epidemiology
Sporadic (non-AIDS associated) Kaposi sarcoma is mostly seen in elderly males from the Mediterr...
Article
HIV-associated nephropathy
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is commonly seen in patients with HIV/AIDS and leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The diagnosis is not imaging-based and must be confirmed by renal biopsy.
Epidemiology
HIVAN is seen in patients at advanced stages of HIV and AIDS, but it can also be see...
Article
Cryptococcoma
Cryptococcomas are a rare complication of infection by the Cryptococcus genus of invasive fungi, where a discrete, encapsulated lesion of immune infiltrates and pathogen forms. Cryptococcus gattii is most often isolated but Cryptococcus neoformans may also form cryptococcomas.
Epidemiology
In ...
Article
Hebbian learning
Hebbian learning describes a type of activity-dependent modification of the strength of synaptic transmission at pre-existing synapses which plays a central role in the capacity of the brain to convert transient experiences into memory. According to Hebb et al 1, two cells or systems of cells th...