Items tagged “cancer”
16 results found
Article
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in adults. CT is the mainstay for colon cancer locoregional staging and MRI is the mainstay for rectal cancer locoregional staging.
This article focuses on colon ca...
Article
Esophageal carcinoma
Esophageal carcinoma is globally the 7th most common cancer and 6th most common cause of cancer-related death as per NCCN version 3.2023. It tends to present with increasing dysphagia, initially to solids and progressing to liquids as the tumor increases in size, obstructing the lumen of the eso...
Article
Primary cardiac tumors
Primary cardiac tumors are uncommon and comprise only a small minority of all tumors that involve the heart: most are mediastinal or lung tumors that extend through the pericardium and into the heart, or metastases 1.
Epidemiology
Primary cardiac tumors have an estimated autopsy prevalence of ...
Article
FIGO staging system
The FIGO staging systems are determined by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique).
In general, there are five stages:
stage 0: carcinoma in situ (common in cervical, vaginal, and vulval cancer)
stage I: confined to...
Article
Gleason score
The histological grading of prostate cancer has undergone many revisions, and for many years the primary system was the Gleason score, itself derived from the Gleason grade. In 2014, the Grade Group was introduced, and care must be taken to not confuse this with the Gleason grade.
The Gleason g...
Article
Testicular cancer
Testicular cancers are the most common malignancy in men between the ages of 20 and 34 years.
Epidemiology
Testicular cancer is uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of all internal organ malignancies 2.
The commonest histology of the tumor varies with the age of affected individuals. Over 90...
Article
Metastases to testis
Metastases to testis are a very rare cause of a testicular mass and may be bilateral in up to 15% of patients.
Epidemiology
Metastases to the testes are apparent in ~0.04% of autopsy studies in patients with known malignancy. The average age is 57 years, much older than the primary age for pr...
Article
Cancer staging list
Cancer staging involves a number of systems to help direct treatment and aid prognosis. The AJCC TNM staging schema is the most common, but other systems are used for specific malignancies or body parts.
Breast
breast cancer staging
Chest
lung cancer staging
malignant pleural mesothelioma s...
Article
Sister Mary Joseph nodule
A Sister Mary Joseph nodule is a metastatic lesion involving the umbilicus. The most common primary source is an intra-abdominal adenocarcinoma.
Epidemiology
Umbilical metastases are uncommon, reportedly present in 1-3% of all intra-abdominal and/or pelvic malignancy 7.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for the causes of lymphangitic carcinomatosis is:
Certain Cancers Spread By Plugging The Lymphatics
Mnemonic
C: cervix
C: colon
S: stomach
B: breast
P: prostate and pancreas
T: thyroid
L: larynx and lung
Another mnemonic to remember most common causes are BLS (Basic Life Sup...
Article
Primary urethral cancer
Primary urethral cancer, in most cases a urethral carcinoma, is a rare urological malignancy. It can be divided into female urethral cancer and male urethral cancer.
Epidemiology
It has an incidence of 4.3 per million for males and 1.5 per million for females. It usually manifests in the 5th d...
Article
Radiation-induced thyroid cancer
Radiation-induced thyroid cancer is an important etiology of thyroid cancer.
Epidemiology
Information about radiation-induced thyroid malignancies comes from several long-term cohort studies along with some case-controlled studies and their subsequent meta-analyzes. Although these studies var...
Article
Theranostics
Theranostics, also known as theragnostics 6, uses a diagnostic examination to determine if a patient may benefit from a specific therapeutic drug and thus couples the therapy with diagnostic information specific for the intended target 2.
Theranostics promises improved patient selection for th...
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis is an uncommon condition that often presents at an advanced stage. Imaging is more often used for staging than for the initial diagnosis. It is the commonest histological subtype of penile cancer.
Epidemiology
Penile cancer is a relatively infrequent ...
Article
Radium-223 dichloride
Radium-223 dichloride, trade name Xofigo, is a radiopharmaceutical approved for the treatment of patients with symptomatic bone metastases and no visceral disease from prostate cancer resistant to anti androgen therapy. The molecule mimics calcium and forms a complex with hydroxyapatite at sites...
Article
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative spiral flagellate microaerophilic bacterium found in the human gastric mucosa 1. It is classified as a Group I carcinogen and is considered necessary but insufficient alone to cause gastric adenocarcinoma. More often than not, it results in chro...
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