Items tagged “case3”

223 results found
Article

Serous atrophy of bone marrow

Serous atrophy of bone marrow is a non-neoplastic bone marrow disorder that occurs with chronic illness and poor nutritional status. It is characterized by atrophy of the fatty marrow and loss of hematopoietic cells, replaced by an accumulation of extracellular mucinous substances. Terminology ...
Article

Myoepithelioma

Myoepitheliomas and malignant myoepitheliomas were considered a variant of pleomorphic adenomas until 1991. However, these are also found in the breast and bronchus and have gained recognition as separate entities 1. Epidemiology They account for <1% of salivary gland tumors, and only rarely u...
Article

Normal facial nerve enhancement on MRI

The normal facial nerve (CN VII) can demonstrate some enhancement post gadolinium, with the prevalence of which segments is highly variable depending on the MRI sequence 4-8. Enhancement may be asymmetric 4-6. It has been attributed to the circumneural facial arteriovenous plexus.c Typical site...
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Rhabdomyosarcoma (staging)

Rhabdomyosarcoma staging is based on the Lawrence/Gehan staging system, which comprises of a combination of pretreatment staging and postoperative clinical grouping. Stage stage I: orbit, eyelid, head and neck (excluding parameningeal), genitourinary (non-bladder, non-prostate), N0 or 1, M0 s...
Article

Spiculated periosteal reaction

Spiculated periosteal reaction represents spicules of new bone-forming along vascular channels and the fibrous bands that anchor tendons to bone (Sharpey fibers). Pathology A spiculated periosteal reaction signifies a rapid underlying process that prevents the formation of new bone under the r...
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Chondroblastoma vs clear cell chondrosarcoma

Distinguishing between a chondroblastoma and epiphyseal clear cell chondrosarcoma can be difficult and differences are listed. Epidemiology Both bone tumors have been reported at any age, but chondroblastomas are usually seen in the 2nd and early 3rd decade whereas clear cell chondrosarcomas h...
Article

Iron deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency anemia is a common cause of anemia and a common precipitant to radiological investigation. Epidemiology Amongst men and postmenopausal women, the incidence in the developed world is around 2%. Among premenopausal women, the incidence is greater and in most cases, investigation ...
Article

Pelvic protocol for endometriosis (MRI)

Evaluation of known endometriosis with MRI requires a slightly different protocol to a routine pelvic MRI (see pelvic MRI protocol: routine) and should probably be reserved for known cases of endometriosis rather than for the assessment of pelvic pain. IV or IM Buscopan is administered to reduc...
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Amsterdam criteria for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

The Amsterdam criteria, also known as the ICG–HNPCC criteria, were established for the selection of families with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) for research but are not exclusionary for the diagnosis of HNPCC 5. Usage Amsterdam criteria were first established in 1990 and r...
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Anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma

Anaplastic rhabdomyosarcomas are a subtype of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, characterized by extensive anaplastic cells seen throughout the tumor 1.
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Small cell lung cancer (staging) (historical)

Previously, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) was not staged in the same manner as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but since 2013 both are staged using the IASLC (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) lung cancer staging system.  The idea behind a different staging system for ...
Article

Varicella zoster virus encephalitis

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) encephalitis can be due to either an immune reaction to primary infection or reactivation of latent infection in cranial nerve or dorsal root ganglia following childhood chickenpox 1. Diagnosis Diagnosis is often made with a combination of serum blood tests, cerebr...
Article

Fetal biophysical profile

Fetal biophysical profile score (BPS or BPP) refers to the assessment of four discrete biophysical variables by ultrasound. It is a standard tool in antepartum fetal assessment. It is usually assessed after 28 weeks of gestation. Radiographic features Ultrasound The ultrasound variables are: ...
Article

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) results when maternal antibodies attack the fetal red blood cells, leading to a hemolytic anemia and accumulation of bilirubin in the fetus or newborn. It can affect the newborn to varying degrees of severity. When the condition occurs in utero, the term is...
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Fetal cardiothoracic circumference ratio

Fetal cardiothoracic (C/T) circumference ratio is a parameter that can be used in the assessment of fetal cardiac and thoracic/chest wall anomalies. It is the ratio of the cardiac circumference to the thoracic circumference and may be easily measured on fetal ultrasound/echocardiography.  Radio...
Article

Adams-Oliver syndrome

Adams-Oliver syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by aplasia cutis congenita (missing hair and/or skin) and variable degrees of terminal transverse limb defects. It may be accompanied by orofacial and cardiac malformations 6. Pathology Associations polymicrogyria: may be associated with ...
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Milan criteria in liver transplantation

The Milan criteria are used to assess suitability in patients for liver transplantation with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with comparable outcomes when compared to patients with liver cirrhosis but without HCC 3. Usage The Milan criteria are widely accepted and used, however, t...
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Positive carpal sign

The positive carpal sign is a useful radiographic sign for the diagnosis of Turner syndrome in association with other musculoskeletal manifestations. Abnormality in the shape of the proximal carpal row in the dorsopalmar radiographs of the wrist and hand (taken in the neutral position is key to ...
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WHO grading system for diffuse astrocytomas

The WHO grading system is the most widely used system for grading diffuse astrocytomas (c.2022) and is an adaptation of the now superseded St Anne-Mayo grading system (also known as the Daumas-Duport grading system).  Grade 1 is reserved for localized astrocytomas (see WHO classification of CNS...
Article

Osteoarthritis of the vertebral column

Osteoarthritis of the vertebral column, also known as spinal osteoarthritis, is so common that it is widely known as spinal "degenerative change". Complications such as spinal stenosis are important to recognize.  Radiographic features Spinal osteoarthritis presents radiologically like other j...

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