Items tagged “illustrations”
27 results found
Article
Rotator cuff
The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles and their tendons, important in stabilizing the glenohumeral joint:
supraspinatus: abduction
infraspinatus: external rotation
teres minor: external rotation
subscapularis: internal rotation
Other structures that stabilize the glenohumeral joint in...
Article
Muscles of the shoulder
Muscles of the shoulder can be subdivided into a variety of groups depending on origin, topography, function or innervation. The system used here groups the muscles based on their function and topography (which are closely related in the upper limb):
Muscles of the shoulder girdle
Muscles that...
Article
Posterior cruciate ligament
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is one of the two cruciate ligaments that stabilize the knee joint.
Gross anatomy
The posterior cruciate ligament arises from the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle and inserts onto the posterior lateral intercondylar surface of the tibial plat...
Article
Pectoralis major muscle
The pectoralis major muscle is a large fan-shaped muscle of the pectoral region, overlying the anterior chest wall but often considered an upper limb muscle due to its function.
Summary
origin: medial clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages, and external oblique aponeurosis
insertion: bicipital...
Article
Deltoid muscle
The deltoid muscle (also known as deltoideus muscle) is the largest of the shoulder muscles. The muscle is composed of three heads (clavicular, acromial and spinous), although electromyography suggests that there are at least seven control regions that could act independently 1.
Summary
origin...
Article
Biceps brachii muscle
The biceps brachii muscle (also known simply as biceps) is a two-headed muscle in the anterior compartment of the arm that flexes at the elbow and supinates the forearm.
Summary
origin
short head: coracoid process of the scapula
long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
insertion: rad...
Article
Coracobrachialis muscle
The coracobrachialis muscle is one of the three muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm. It sits beneath the biceps brachii, inserting via a flat tendon into the medial shaft of the humerus.
origin: coracoid process of scapula
insertion: via a flat tendon onto the midportion of the medi...
Article
Brachialis muscle
The brachialis muscle is one of the three muscles of the anterior compartment of the upper arm. Unlike biceps brachii (which is also a supinator) it acts only to flex the elbow. Isolated brachialis injuries are rare.
Summary
Brachialis has a large superficial head and a smaller deep head.
Th...
Article
Triceps brachii muscle
The triceps brachii muscle, often referred to simply as the triceps, is a three-headed muscle in the posterior compartment of the arm.
Summary
origin
long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
medial head: posterior humerus inferior to the radial groove, both intermuscular septa
latera...
Article
Anconeus muscle
The anconeus muscle is a small muscle in the posterior compartment of the arm at the lateral aspect of the elbow. Its functional significance is not well understood 5.
It should not be confused with the anconeus epitrochlearis, an accessory muscle that is present in up to one third of people, a...
Article
Articularis cubiti muscle
The articularis cubiti muscle lies in the posterior compartment of the arm:
origin: posterior surface of the distal humerus
insertion: posterior surface of the elbow joint capsule
innervation: radial nerve
action: tenses the posterior elbow joint capsule during elbow extension
Article
Pronator teres muscle
Pronator teres muscle is a two-headed flexor and pronator of the forearm, found superficially in the anterior compartment of the forearm.
Summary
origin
humeral head: medial epicondyle of the humerus
ulnar head: coronoid process of the ulna
insertion: lateral surface of the middle-third rad...
Article
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) is found in the first layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm and is one of the extrinsic muscles of the hand. It does not pass through the carpal tunnel, but rather by itself in a small separate FCR tunnel.
Summary
origin: medial epicondyle of the humer...
Article
Palmaris longus muscle
Palmaris longus (PL) muscle is a superficial, weak flexor of the wrist located in the anterior compartment of the forearm. It is one of the extrinsic muscles of the hand.
Summary
origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
insertion: palmar aponeurosis
arterial supply: anterior ulnar recurrent ...
Article
Latissimus dorsi muscle
Latissimus dorsi muscle (plural: latissimi dorsi muscles, and colloquially often shortened to the lats) is one of the muscles that attaches the upper limb to the vertebral column.
Summary
origin
spinous processes of T7-T12 vertebrae and thoracolumbar fascia
posterior third of the iliac cres...
Article
Levator scapulae muscle
Levator scapulae muscle is a muscle of the upper limb that connects the pectoral girdle to the cervical spine.
Summary
origin: C1-C4 transverse processes
insertion: superior angle of the scapula
innervation: direct branches from the C3-4 spinal nerves, and the dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
art...
Article
Pectoralis minor muscle
The pectoralis minor muscle is a muscle of the pectoral region lying deep to and completely covered by the pectoralis major muscle.
It is an important anatomical landmark in two senses:
it arbitrarily divides the axillary artery into 3 parts
it arbitrarily divides the axillary lymph nodes in...
Article
Serratus anterior muscle
Serratus anterior muscle is one of the four muscles of the pectoral region.
Summary
origin: lateral surface of 1st to 8th or 9th ribs
insertion: medial border of the scapula
innervation: long thoracic nerve
action:
draws the scapula anteriorly against the chest wal...
Article
Subclavius muscle
The subclavius muscle is a small triangular muscle of the pectoral region which depresses the shoulder.
Summary
origin: 1st costochondral joint
insertion: subclavian groove on the inferior aspect of the middle third of the clavicle
innervation: nerve to subclavius
arterial supply: clavicula...
Article
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscle is of the first layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm. It is one of the extrinsic muscles of the hand.
Summary
origin
humeral head: medial epicondyle of the humerus
ulnar head: aponeurosis from medial olecranon and upper three quarters subcutaneou...
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