Items tagged “physics”

132 results found
Article

Fast spin echo

Fast or turbo spin echo (FSE/TSE) is an adaptation of conventional spin-echo (SE) acquisition technique designed to reduce imaging time. It has largely supplanted the original spin-echo technique due to vastly improved imaging speed. Basic spin echo sequence In a basic SE sequence, a single ec...
Article

Magnetic field gradient

Signal localization for image construction in MR is based on adding a magnetic field gradient onto the main (constant) magnetic field. In 1973, Paul Lauterbur published the idea in Nature of deliberately superimposing linear field gradients on the main magnetic field. Along each gradient, the s...
Article

Effect of gradient strength and bandwidth on slice thickness

Slice thickness is dependent on gradient strength and bandwidth, to attain a slice thickness, a range of frequencies must be transmitted to produce resonance across the whole slice. This range of frequencies is the transmitter RF (radiofrequency) bandwidth (tBW). Slice thickness is determined by...
Article

Magnetic field homogeneity

One of the key concepts in assessing the quality of a magnet is that of magnetic field homogeneity, as it will relate to image quality and the presence of artifacts.Field homogeneity refers to the uniformity of the main magnetic field when no patient is present, measured in parts per million (pp...
Article

Magnetic shimming

Magnetic shimming refers to the process of reducing magnetic field inhomogeneities. It is an important aspect of optimizing image quality. Field inhomogeneities can be the result by both intrinsic magnet properties and the surrounding environment of the MR magnet – such as the presence of nearby...
Case

Grid line artifact

  Diagnosis not applicable
Pir Abdul Ahad Aziz Qureshi
Published 09 Jun 2018
47% complete
X-ray
Article

Slew rate

Slew rate refers to the speed at which a gradient can be turned on and off, and is defined as the maximum gradient strength of the gradient divided by the rise time.  MR imaging is a product of magnetic field gradients which are created by magnetic gradient coils. The quality and performance of...
Article

Radiofrequency transmitter

The radiofrequency (RF) transmitter is the generator of the radiofrequency current which is delivered to the transmitting coil. This creates a signal which is used to excite protons in the imaging field. Radiofrequency coils can be both transmitters and receivers of the radiofrequency signal or ...
Article

Radiofrequency receiver

Radiofrequency coils are the radiofrequency receivers (as well as sometimes the transmitters) of the electromagnetic signal used in MRI. Radiofrequency coils can be either receive-only, or both receivers and transmitters of the radiofrequency signal. The receiver coils detect the electromagnetic...
Article

Volume coils

Volume coils are the transmit and receive radiofrequency coils which are used to both transmit and receive the radiofrequency signal in MRI. Most MRI scanners have what is called a body coil – which is a volume coil built into the bore of the magnet which transmits the radiofrequency for most ex...
Article

Surface coil

Surface coils are a type of receive-only radiofrequency coil used in MRI to receive the radiofrequency signal (transmitted by the body coil). Surface coils are small and are shaped so that they can be placed near the part of anatomy being imaged. By their nature, surface coils have good signal-t...
Article

Phased array coil

Phased array coils are an example of a receive-only radiofrequency coil system which receives the radiofrequency signal in MRI. It involves the collection of multiple surface coils into a larger array whose individual signals are combined to create one image. As signal coils detect signal based ...
Article

Magnetic shielding

Magnetic shielding refers to the attempt to isolate or block the magnetic field of the MRI magnet.  This can be done to prevent unwanted interference from the MRI magnet on nearby electronic devices.  This is different from radiofrequency shielding, which is the attempt to prevent the unwanted i...
Article

Fringe field (MRI)

The fringe field is the peripheral magnetic field outside of the magnet core. It is important because it can cause interference with nearby electronic devices, such as pacemakers. Although the strength of the magnetic fields decreases with distance from the core of the magnet, the effect of the ...
Article

Voxel size

Voxel size is an important component of image quality. Voxel is the 3-D analog of a pixel. Voxel size is related to both the pixel size and slice thickness.  Pixel size is dependent on both the field of view and the image matrix. The pixel size is equal to the field of view divided by the matrix...
Article

CT fluoroscopy

Computed tomography (CT) fluoroscopy combines the conventional advantages of both CT and fluoroscopy and has an important role in image-guided interventions where real-time imaging is required. Historically, fluoroscopy was the main image guidance tool for interventional radiology procedures. T...
Article

Image reconstruction in CT fluoroscopy

Image reconstruction in CT fluoroscopy requires the computer to provide very fast reconstructions of images in order to provide immediate and accurate spatial and anatomical feedback during a procedure. This is achieved by: use of a small reconstruction matrix – e.g. 256 x 256 (compared with co...
Article

Radiation dose considerations in CT fluoroscopy

Consideration needs to be made to the radiation dose to both the patient and radiologist in CT fluoroscopy, given the relatively high and continuous radiation exposure involved. Radiation exposure to the patient The patient surface dosage may range between 2 and 10 mGy/sec, with exposure times...
Case

Ultrasound artifact

  Diagnosis not applicable
Daniel J Bell
Published 02 Feb 2019
60% complete
Photo Ultrasound
Article

Attenuation (ultrasound)

The amplitude and intensity of ultrasound waves decrease as they travel through tissue, a phenomenon known as attenuation. Given a fixed propagation distance, attenuation affects high frequency ultrasound waves to a greater degree than lower frequency waves. This dictates the use of lower freque...

Updating… Please wait.

 Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.

 Thank you for updating your details.