Items tagged “refs”
2,969 results found
Article
Stapedius muscle
The stapedius muscle is the tiny slender muscle in the middle ear that attaches to the stapes, which dampens excessive sound vibrations passed to the cochlea via the oval window.
Gross anatomy
The muscle is anchored within the petrous temporal bone. Its tendon emerges anteriorly from the holl...
Article
Stapes
The stapes (plural: stapedes) is the smallest and most medial of the three middle ear ossicles. It is the smallest bone in the standard human skeleton.
Gross anatomy
It has a base (foot piece/footplate) that articulates with the oval window and conducts vibrations to the cochlea. The base is a...
Article
String of pearls sign (disambiguation)
String of pearls sign can refer to:
string of pearls sign on an abdominal radiograph of fluid-filled dilated small bowel loops
string of pearls sign on brain MRI in deep border zone infarction
string of pearls sign on brain MRI in Susac syndrome
string of pearls sign on ultrasound in polycys...
Article
Subperiosteal abscess of the mastoid
Subperiosteal abscess of the mastoid is one of the more frequent complications of acute otomastoiditis and results in coalescent mastoiditis extending through the external cortex of the mastoid sinus. This can occur in any direction:
postauricular: common as the bone is particularly thin (...
Article
Pituitary region masses
A simple and popular mnemonic to remember the common suprasellar/parasellar/intrasellar masses is SATCHMO. The more comprehensive list includes:
tumors
pituitary adenoma (commonest in the adult population)
pituitary macroadenoma
pituitary microadenoma
pituitary carcinoma
pituitary lymphoma...
Article
Facial nerve branches (mnemonic)
There are many mnemonics to recall the branches of the facial nerve (superior to inferior) as they exit the anterior border of the parotid gland. Examples include:
Tall Zulus Bear Many Children
Two Zebras Bit My Coccyx
To Zanzibar By Motor Car
Mnemonic
T: temporal
Z: zygomatic
B: buccal
...
Article
Threatened miscarriage
Threatened miscarriage (or threatened abortion) is mainly a clinical term, used when a pregnant woman in first 20 weeks of gestation presents with spotting, mild abdominal pain and contractions, with a closed cervical os 3.
Epidemiology
It occurs in 20-25% of pregnancies and is associated with...
Article
Differentiated thyroid cancer (staging)
Differentiated thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committ...
Article
Toothpaste sign
The toothpaste sign in spinal imaging represents an extrusion of an intervertebral disc into the epidural space. It is called after the shape of extruded material relatively to the parent disc in a sagittal plane.
Article
Transependymal edema
Transependymal edema, also known as interstitial cerebral edema or periventricular lucency (PVL), is a type of cerebral edema that occurs with increased pressure within the cerebral ventricles. FLAIR is the most sensitive MRI sequence for detection.
Pathology
The ventricular ependymal lining i...
Article
Triangle of Guillain and Mollaret
The triangle of Guillain and Mollaret, also known as the dentatorubro-olivary pathway, has three corners 1:
red nucleus
inferior olivary nucleus
contralateral dentate nucleus
Rubro-olivary fibers descend from the parvocellular division of each red nucleus along the central tegmental tracts t...
Article
True aneurysm
In a true aneurysm, the aneurysm is bound by all three layers of the vessel wall (intima, media and adventitia). The wall may be attenuated. The risk of rupture is proportional to the size of the aneurysm.
Pathology
Etiology
congenital
atherosclerosis
hypertension
vasculitis
hereditary...
Article
Trumpeted internal acoustic meatus sign
A trumpeted internal acoustic meatus (IAM) is an indirect sign of a vestibular schwannoma and is useful in helping to differentiate between one and other cerebellopontine angle entities, especially from a meningioma which typically does not extend into the meatus and is more often associated wit...
Article
Tubal ectopic pregnancy
Tubal ectopic pregnancy, also known as adnexal ectopic pregnancy, is the most common location of an ectopic pregnancy.
Epidemiology
It is the most common type of ectopic by far, accounting for 93-97% of cases.
Pathology
Although the fallopian tube has many anatomical parts, for the purposes ...
Article
Tuberculous otomastoiditis
Tuberculous otomastoiditis is an uncommon form of acute otomastoiditis that occurs secondary to tuberculosis infection, although its frequency is increasing as a result of greater population of immunocompromised patients.
Clinical presentation
Classically it is described as presenting with
pa...
Article
Tympanic membrane retraction
Tympanic membrane retraction usually occurs when a portion of the tympanic membrane becomes weakened and is pulled inwards by the negative pressure within the middle ear.
Pathology
As the tympanic membrane is pulled inwards (medially), it can become draped over the ossicles, resulting in a va...
Article
Unilateral facet dislocation
Unilateral facet dislocation is a relatively stable type of facet dislocation.
Pathology
Mechanism
Flexion/distraction associated with rotation. The inferior articular facet of vertebral above moves over the superior facet of the vertebral below and becomes locked. It usually affects C4-C5 or...
Article
Upper extremity fractures
The upper limb sustains a wide variety of fractures that range significantly in demographics, treatment and functional impact.
clavicle
clavicular fracture
acromio-clavicular dislocation
scapula
blade of scapula fracture
glenoid fracture
acromial fracture
cora...
Article
Upper lobe bronchiectasis
Distribution of bronchiectasis can help in narrowing the differential diagnosis. Upper lobe bronchiectasis is typically seen in:
cystic fibrosis
tuberculosis
Rarely it may be seen with non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection (e.g. MAC infection 2). Traction bronchiectasis in the upper lobes c...
Article
Ductus deferens calcification
Calcification of the ductus deferens (vas deferens) can result from:
diabetes mellitus: most common 4
normal aging
chronic infection/inflammation: tends to be irregular (unilateral and segmental) unlike diabetic calcification 3
tuberculosis
syphilis
gonorrhea
schistosomiasis
chronic urin...
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