Items tagged “rewrite”
136 results found
Article
Chopart fracture-dislocation
Chopart fracture-dislocations occur at the midtarsal (Chopart) joint in the foot, i.e. talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints which separate the hindfoot from the midfoot. The commonly fractured bones are the calcaneus, cuboid and navicular.
The foot is usually dislocated medially and superior...
Article
High-attenuation crescent sign
The high-attenuation crescent sign, also called the hyperdense crescent sign, represents an acute hematoma within either the mural thrombus or the aneurysm wall, especially when detected on unenhanced CT scans. It is a specific sign of impending abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture or so-call...
Article
Complex fibroadenoma
Complex fibroadenoma is a sub type of fibroadenoma harboring one or more of the following features:
epithelial calcifications
papillary apocrine metaplasia
sclerosing adenosis and
cysts larger than 3 mm
Epidemiology
Complex fibroadenomas tend to occur in older patients (median age, 47 yea...
Article
Putty kidney
A putty kidney refers to a pattern of renal calcification associated with renal tuberculosis conventionally described on plain radiography. The calcification can be large, round or oval, dense or very homogeneous and ground glass-like, representing calcified caseous tissue within dilated calyces...
Article
Breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS) assessment category 3
BI-RADS 3 is an intermediate category in the breast imaging reporting and data system. A finding placed in this category is considered probably benign, with a risk of malignancy of > 0% and ≤ 2%4.
Terminology
BI-RADS 3 should not be utilized in the screening setting. It should be reserved for ...
Article
Breast calcifications
Breast calcifications are deposits of calcium salts in the breast, which are radio-opaque on mammography. The majority are benign, but they can be associated with cancer. The ability to diagnose and appropriately manage the significant microcalcifications and differentiate them from innocuous fi...
Article
Pregnancy associated breast cancer
Pregnancy associated breast cancer (PABC) is usually defined as a breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or one year following delivery. PABC occurs in one out of every 1500-10,000 pregnancies 5-6 and represents up to 3% of all breast malignancies. The incidence may be increasing due to many w...
Article
Digital breast tomosynthesis
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is an imaging technique that allows a volumetric reconstruction of the whole breast from a finite number of low-dose two-dimensional projections obtained by different X-ray tube angles, with a geometric principle very similar to that applied in stratigraphic te...
Article
Multicentric breast cancer
A multicentric breast cancer is a term given to a breast cancer where there are two or more breast cancers separated by normal breast tissue (often taken as 5 cm of separation 4). It is related to but distinct from the term multifocal breast cancer.
At a pathological level It can also mean 2
t...
Article
Comedo-type ductal carcinoma in situ
A comedo-type ductal carcinoma in situ, also known as comedocarcinoma in situ, is a high grade subtype of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). It is the most aggressive of intraductal carcinomas. In 30% of cases it can be multicentric and/or multifocal.
Diagnosis
Comedo-type DCIS is diagnosed hist...
Article
Renal hypoplasia
Renal hypoplasia refers to a congenitally small kidney where there is essentially normal residual parenchyma but smaller calyces, lobules and papillae. This is in contrast to renal atrophy where renal development was initially normal but the kidney has become smaller secondary to various other p...
Article
Aliasing on MRI
Aliasing on MRI, also known as wrap-around, is a frequently encountered MRI artifact that occurs when the field of view (FOV) is smaller than the body part being imaged. The part of the body that lies beyond the edge of the FOV is projected onto the other side of the image 5.
This can be correc...
Article
Erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction is a common condition. Doppler ultrasound is a highly accurate means of assessing patients with erectile dysfunction.
Pathology
Psychological factors (mental impulse) cause the transmission of parasympathetic impulses to the penis. This causes relaxation of arterioles and...
Article
Production of radioactive nuclei
Naturally occurring radioactive nuclei have a physical half life time of ~108 to 1010 years which makes them unsuitable for use in medical imaging.
Thus radioactive nuclei used in medical practice are artificially synthesized. Production of these nuclei involve bombarding stable nuclei with pro...
Article
Half-life time
The half-life time is the duration it takes for any physical process to reduce the initial amount to fifty percent of its initial value.
Physical half-life time (Tp)
The time interval required for an amount of certain radioactive nuclei to decay to half of its original value. Tp is always a co...
Article
Adenoma-carcinoma sequence
The adenoma-carcinoma sequence refers to a stepwise pattern of mutational activation of oncogenes (e.g. K-ras) and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (e.g. p53) that results in cancer. An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, these are often mutated or ex...
Article
Dystrophic soft tissue calcification
Dystrophic soft tissue calcification is a type of soft-tissue calcification, which occurs in damaged or necrotic tissue, while the serum level of calcium and phosphorus are normal. It may progress to ossification, in which case a cortical and trabecular bone pattern is visible.
An often cited a...
Article
Pancreatic calcifications
Pancreatic calcifications can arise from many etiologies.
Punctate intraductal calcifications
chronic pancreatitis
alcoholic pancreatitis (20-40%) 2
intraductal, numerous, small, irregular
preponderant cause of diffuse pancreatic intraductal calcification
gallstone pancreatitis (2%) 2
m...
Article
Splenic calcification
Splenic calcifications can occur in various shapes and forms and can occur from a myriad of etiological factors.
The usual calcification observed in radiographs are the multiple, miliary form presenting as numerous small rounded densities averaging from three to five millimeters in diameter whi...
Article
Neoplasms of the cauda equina (differential)
The differential diagnosis for masses of the cauda equina region is often considered separately to the remainder of the spinal cord. It is often difficult to determine whether masses in this region are intramedullary or intradural-extramedullary.
Most common tumors
myxopapillary ependymoma
by...
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