Items tagged “rewrite”
136 results found
Article
Unilateral pulmonary edema
Unilateral pulmonary edema represents only 2% of cardiogenic pulmonary edema with predilection for the right upper lobe and is strongly associated with severe mitral regurgitation 1,2. It is hypothesized that the regurgitation jet is directed towards the right superior pulmonary vein thus prefer...
Article
Gastric outlet obstruction
Gastric outlet obstruction, also known as pyloric obstruction, occurs when a disease or condition blocks the normal emptying of the stomach.
Pathology
Etiology
Gastric outlet obstruction can be due to malignant or benign causes.
Malignant
adenocarcinoma (second most common 4)
GIST
lymphom...
Article
MRI safety
MRI scanners, although free from potentially cancer-inducing ionizing radiation found in plain radiography and CT, have a host of safety issues which must be taken very seriously. MRI safety can be divided into:
main magnetic field
varying magnetic (gradient) fields
radiofrequency
Main magne...
Article
Adenocarcinoma of the lung
Adenocarcinoma of the lung is the most common histologic type of lung cancer. Grouped under the non-small cell carcinomas of the lung, it is a malignant tumor with glandular differentiation or mucin production expressing in different patterns and degrees of differentiation.
This article brings...
Article
Fat pad impingement syndromes of the knee
In fat pad impingement syndromes, the etiologies are different for each knee fat pad.
In anterior suprapatellar fat pad impingement syndrome, the cause is usually due to either a developmental cause related to the anatomy of the extensor mechanism or may be related to abnormal mechanics. In thi...
Article
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis (plural: hydronephroses) is defined as dilatation of the urinary collecting system of the kidney (the calyces, the infundibula, and the pelvis) 1.
Hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns has specific causes that are covered in a separate article.
Terminology
The term hydroureter...
Article
Cytotoxic cerebral edema
Cytotoxic cerebral edema refers to a type of cerebral edema, most commonly seen in cerebral ischemia, in which extracellular water passes into cells, resulting in their swelling.
The term is frequently used in clinical practice to denote the combination of true cytotoxic edema and ionic cerebr...
Article
Windswept pelvis
A windswept pelvis fracture is a complex bony pelvic injury caused by a combination of unilateral AP compression (open book) injury with a contralateral lateral compression injury.
It occurs when the internal rotation of one iliac wing causes a unilateral sacral compression fracture, while the...
Article
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI NETs) are neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the GI tract and can be functional or non-functional:
functional NETs can be challenging to localize as:
they are often small in size at the time of diagnosis
arise in many sites throughout the body
non-fun...
Article
Trauma in pregnancy
Trauma is a leading cause of mortality in pregnancy. Pregnancy increases the incidence and severity of abdominal trauma in females.
Epidemiology
Trauma affects up to 7% of pregnancies, and the incidence of pregnancy in level 1 trauma patients is estimated to be ~2% 1.
Pathology
Etiology
9...
Article
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) scan
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) scan is a point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) examination performed at the time of presentation of a trauma patient.
It is invariably performed by a clinician, who should be formally trained, and is considered as an 'extension' of the trauma cl...
Article
Hydroxyapatite deposition disease
Hydroxyapatite crystal deposition disease (HADD) or calcium apatite deposition disease (CADD) is a disease of uncertain etiology characterized by periarticular and intra-articular calcium deposits.
The shoulder is the most frequently involved site with classic calcific tendinitis presentation. ...
Article
Diffuse pulmonary nodules (differential diagnosis)
A number of differentials must be kept in mind while approaching diffuse or multiple pulmonary nodules. Interpretation is easier if nodules are the only abnormality.
Differential diagnosis
These differentials can be narrowed down based on several criteria:
Based on appearance
miliary nodule...
Article
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) involves the administration of intravenous contrast agents consisting of microbubbles/nanobubbles of gas.
Uses
liver
hepatic metastasis
cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma
cholangiocarcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatic adenoma
...
Article
Sildenafil citrate-induced penile Doppler
Sildenafil citrate-induced penile Doppler is a technique for evaluating erectile dysfunction. It has greater patient acceptability than the usual papaverine-induced color Doppler and is safer.
Sildenafil citrate is a popular vasodilator drug used in treatment of erectile dysfunction and can ach...
Article
Terminal zones of myelination
The terminal zones of myelination are located at the posterior aspect of the lateral ventricles (the peritrigonal regions) and are the only part of the cerebral white matter that may exhibit high T2 signal in a normal brain at 2 years of age, when myelination of cerebral white matter normally be...
Article
Pulmonary mucormycosis
Pulmonary mucormycosis is an opportunistic pulmonary fungal infection from a fungus belonging to the order Mucorales.
Pulmonary mucormycosis has to be distinguished from the related counterpart invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) as modern first-line antifungals typically used for aspergillo...
Article
Revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis
The Revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis from 2012 is an international multidisciplinary classification of the severity of acute pancreatitis, updating the 1992 Atlanta classification.
The worldwide consensus aims for an internationally agreed-upon classification of acute pancre...
Article
Radioembolization
Radioembolization is the delivery of radioactive microspheres to cancers using an endovascular approach. It is often performed as an outpatient procedure.
Indications
hepatocellular carcinoma 2
hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma
Contraindications
Absolute contraindications
exces...
Article
Optic neuropathy
Optic neuropathy is a broad term and can result from a variety of causes.
Pathology
genetic
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
compression or trauma (traumatic optic neuropathy)
optic nerve sheath meningioma
progressive diaphyseal dysplasia
thyroid-associated orbitopathy
shear injury
inf...
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