Items tagged “rg_39_2_edit”

29 results found
Article

Spinal schwannoma

Spinal schwannomas are benign nerve sheath tumors within the spinal canal, typically arising from spinal nerve roots and it is the most common nerve sheath tumor of spine 11. They are one of the two most common intradural extramedullary spinal tumors, representing 15-50% of such lesions. This a...
Article

Superior mesenteric artery

The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is one of the three non-paired major splanchnic arteries in the abdominal cavity arising from the abdominal aorta and supplying the midgut; i.e. from mid duodenum to distal transverse colon. Gross anatomy Origin Single vessel arising anteriorly from the ab...
Article

Arterial occlusive mesenteric ischemia

Arterial occlusive mesenteric ischemia can be a life-threatening event related to obstruction of the mesenteric arteries, most commonly the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), supplying the small bowel and colon. It is the most common cause of mesenteric ischemia.  Epidemiology  An acute occlusi...
Article

Rectal cancer

Rectal cancer, although sharing many of the features of generic colorectal carcinoma (CRC), has different preoperative imaging assessment, with MRI rectum as the mainstay for local staging, and distinct surgical techniques (i.e. total mesorectal excision).  Epidemiology Rectal cancer is genera...
Article

Gallbladder polyp

Gallbladder polyps are commonly occurring elevated lesions on the mucosal surface of the gallbladder. The vast majority are benign. They are best characterized on ultrasound as a non-shadowing endophytic growth into the gallbladder lumen.  Epidemiology Gallbladder polyps are relatively frequen...
Article

Radiation-induced lung disease

Radiation-induced lung disease (RILD) is a frequent complication of radiotherapy to the chest for chest wall or intrathoracic malignancies and can have a variety of appearances, especially depending on when the patient is imaged. Acute and late phases are described, corresponding to radiation pn...
Article

Radiation pneumonitis

Radiation pneumonitis is the acute manifestation of radiation-induced lung disease and is relatively common following radiotherapy for chest wall or intrathoracic malignancies. This article does not deal with the changes seen in the late phase. Please refer to the article on radiation-induced l...
Article

Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis

Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis is the late manifestation of radiation-induced lung disease and is relatively common following radiotherapy for chest wall or intrathoracic malignancies. This article does not deal with the changes seen in the acute phase. Please refer to the article on radi...
Article

Breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS)

BI-RADS (Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System) is a risk assessment and quality assurance tool developed by American College of Radiology that provides a widely accepted lexicon and reporting schema for imaging of the breast. It applies to mammography, ultrasound, and MRI. This article refle...
Article

Gallbladder carcinoma

Gallbladder carcinoma is a type of gallbladder cancer and specifically refers to primary epithelial malignancies arising from the gallbladder, in which the great majority (90%) are adenocarcinomas and the remainder are squamous cell carcinomas. They are more prevalent in elderly women and, in mo...
Article

Breast density

Breast density refers to the amount of fibroglandular tissue in a breast relative to fat. It can significantly vary between individuals and within individuals over a lifetime. Classification There are four descriptors for breast density on mammography in the 5th edition of BI-RADS 1,2: a...
Article

Spinal meningioma

Meningiomas arising from the coverings of the spinal cord are one of the two most common intradural extramedullary spinal tumors, representing 25-30% of all such tumors 2.  This article specifically relates to spinal meningiomas. For a discussion on intracranial meningiomas and a general discus...
Article

Intradural extramedullary spinal tumors

Intradural extramedullary neoplasms are located outside the spinal cord but within the dural sheath.  Epidemiology The majority (70-80%) of spinal canal tumors are intradural extramedullary 1. Clinical presentation Patients present with signs and symptoms of spinal cord or nerve root compres...
Article

Intradural extramedullary metastases

Intradural extramedullary metastases are rare and account for approximately 5% of spinal metastases. Please review leptomeningeal metastases (brain) for a general discussion focused on the brain's subarachnoid space involvement. Epidemiology The age at presentation depends on tumor type. Meta...
Article

Cauda equina neuroendocrine tumor

Cauda equina neuroendocrine tumors are rare sporadic WHO grade 1 tumors, almost invariably found below the conus arising either from the filum terminal or less commonly from the cauda equina 5.  Terminology These tumors were previously known as spinal paragangliomas however they are molecularl...
Article

Myxopapillary ependymoma

Myxopapillary ependymomas are a variant type of ependymoma that occurs predominantly in the filum terminale and/or conus medullaris. They represent 13% of all spinal ependymomas and are the most common tumors of the cauda equina region. Epidemiology They tend to have an earlier clinical presen...
Article

Intradural spinal mass lesions (an approach)

Intradural spinal mass lesions are relatively uncommon, compared to intracranial or extradural masses, and can be challenging to diagnose. Additionally, the need for a pre-operative/non-operative diagnosis is in many ways greater as biopsy of lesions within the cord has the potential of devastat...
Article

Superior mesenteric artery dissection

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) dissection is an uncommon type of arterial dissection. It can either be on its own (spontaneous isolated) or occur as part of an extension of an aortic dissection (combined), with the latter being more common. However, spontaneous isolated SMA dissection is consi...
Article

Gallbladder sludge

Gallbladder sludge, also known as biliary sand, biliary sediment, or thick bile, is a mixture of particulate matter and bile, normally seen as a fluid-fluid level in the gallbladder on ultrasound, corresponding to the precipitate of bile solutes.  Terminology The term biliary microlithiasis is...
Article

Gallbladder inflammatory polyps

Gallbladder inflammatory polyps are a benign subtype of gallbladder polyps, representing ~10% of all polyps. They appear as a result of chronic inflammation (chronic cholecystitis).  For further details, please refer to the parental article on gallbladder polyps.  Pathology Gallbladder inflam...

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