Items tagged “snippet title”

55 results found
Article

Medulloblastoma, SHH-activated

Medulloblastoma, sonic hedgehog (SHH) activated tumors are malignant tumors of the central nervous system. They are the second most common medulloblastoma group, divided according to TP53 mutation status into TP53-wildtype and TP53-mutant that are distinct entities differing in their molecular, ...
Article

Medulloblastoma, WNT-activated

Medulloblastoma, WNT-activated is the least common type of medulloblastoma and has by far the best prognosis, with the vast majority achieving cure with appropriate therapy. They are usually seen in children and, to a lesser degree, adults. They typically arise from the region surrounding the fo...
Article

Roy-Camille classification of odontoid process fracture

The Roy-Camille classification of fractures of the odontoid process of C2 depends on the direction of the fracture line 1. The level of fracture line as described by the Anderson and D’Alonzo classification is not predictive of the degree of instability or the risk of non-union. This classifica...
Article

Anderson and D'Alonzo classification of odontoid process fracture

The Anderson and D'Alonzo classification is the most commonly used classification of fractures of the odontoid process of C2 1. Another classification system is the Roy-Camille classification, which aids more in the management of odontoid fractures. Classification type I rare fracture of th...
Article

Spoke wheel sign (meningioma)

The spoke wheel sign refers to the pattern of vessels coursing through meningiomas, when seen in cross-section.  It is the result of the same phenomenon which results in the sunburst pattern (vessels seen from the side rather than in cross-section). Terminology A similar appearance also referr...
Article

Lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma

Lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningiomas are rare histological variants of meningiomas, characterized by prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates into the tumor, sometimes rendering the underlying meningothelial component inconspicuous.  They also have an unusual clinical course (for meningiomas) which...
Article

Non-neoplastic tumor associated cysts

Non-neoplastic tumor associated cysts (TACs) are benign fluid-containing cysts adjacent to, but not within, a neoplasm. Pathology Non-neoplastic tumor associated cysts are most likely represent trapped encysted pools of CSF adjacent to large extra-axial neoplasms. When a tumor grows it traps t...
Article

Ginkgo leaf sign (spinal meningioma)

The ginkgo leaf sign of spinal meningiomas has been described as a useful MRI sign in distinguishing a spinal meningioma from a neurogenic tumor (e.g. spinal schwannoma).  It is seen on axial post contrast T1 imaging, with the leaf representing the distorted spinal cord, pushed to one side of t...
Article

Sunburst sign (renal angiomyolipoma)

The sunburst sign refers to the appearance of arterial blush seen at selective arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) of a renal angiomyolipoma. An angiomyolipoma is a hypervascular renal mass that shows a dense early arterial vascular network of tortuous irregular vessels with micro- o...
Article

Investigating fall onto an outstretched hand (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) is a very common presentation across all ages. It occurs following sporting injuries, or simply after a fall.  Summary assessment history bimodal age and sex presentation young pa...
Article

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (abdominal complications)

Abdominal complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can occur early (0-100 days) or late (>100 days) post-transplant.  Complications Early bacterial infections, e.g. pseudomembranous colitis fungal infections, often affecting the esophagus or as hepatic/splenic microabscesses ...
Article

Boot-shaped heart

A 'boot-shaped' heart ("cœur en sabot" in French) is the description given to the appearance of the heart on plain film in some cases of Tetralogy of Fallot. It describes the appearances of an upturned cardiac apex due to right ventricular hypertrophy and a concave pulmonary arterial segment. 
Article

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (upper respiratory tract manifestations)

The upper respiratory tract manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) are common and affect most patients.  For a general discussion of the condition, please refer to the main article on granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). For other organ-specific radiographic features, pleas...
Article

Patterns of bone bruise in knee injury

The pattern of bone bruise in knee injuries (a.k.a. bone contusion) can give clues for the mechanism and associated injuries.  Radiographic features Five classic bone contusion patterns have been described 1-4: pivot-shift injury valgus stress to flexed and externally rotated knee ...
Article

Box-shaped heart

A box-shaped heart is a radiographic description given to the cardiac silhouette in some cases of Ebstein anomaly. The classic appearance of this finding is caused by the combination of the following features: huge right atrium that may fill the entire right hemithorax shelved appearance of th...
Article

Risk of malignancy index in ovarian tumors

The risk of malignancy index (RMI) in ovarian tumors is a validated clinical tool used for risk stratification of ovarian lesions, to guide further management 1-3. Classification The score incorporates the patient's menopausal status (M), ultrasound features of the lesion (U), and the serum CA...
Article

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: HRCT chest approach

The approach to HRCT chest in patients with suspected idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) is with the aim to: make sure an appropriate study requested i.e. HRCT chest with optimal individually adjusted protocol and ensure adequacy of the HRCT chest quality (see imaging protocol below) meti...
Article

Mean transit time (MTT)

Mean transit time (MTT) corresponds to the average time, in seconds, that red blood cells spend within a determinate volume of capillary circulation. It is assessed as part of the CT perfusion protocol and MR perfusion. Mean transit time is calculated by dividing cerebral blood volume (CBV) by ...
Article

Cerebral blood volume (CBV)

Cerebral blood volume (CBV) (often relative CBV: see below) is one of the parameters generated by perfusion techniques (CT perfusion and MR perfusion). CBV is defined as the volume of blood in a given amount of brain tissue, most commonly milliliters of blood per 100 g of brain tissue 1. CBV ca...
Article

Cerebral blood flow (CBF)

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is one of the parameters generated by perfusion techniques (CT perfusion and MR perfusion). CBF is defined as the volume of blood passing through a given amount of brain tissue per unit of time, most commonly milliliters of blood per minute per 100 g of brain tissue 1. ...

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