Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,873 results found
Article
Multiple system atrophy
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic neurodegenerative disease (one of the synucleinopathies) characterized by varying degrees of cerebellar ataxia, autonomic dysfunction, parkinsonism, and corticospinal dysfunction.
Epidemiology
Multiple systemic atrophy is a sporadic disease, with a ...
Article
Hot cross bun sign (pons)
The hot cross bun sign refers to the MRI appearance of the pons when T2 hyperintensity forms a cross on axial images, representing selective degeneration of transverse pontocerebellar tracts and median pontine raphe nuclei 1.
It has been described in a variety of neurodegenerative and other con...
Article
Blooming artifact (MRI)
Blooming artifact is a susceptibility artifact encountered on some MRI sequences in the presence of paramagnetic substances that affect the local magnetic milieux. Although it is an artifact, it may be deliberately exploited to improve detection of certain small lesions, much as the T1 shortenin...
Article
Calcarine fissure
The calcarine fissure, or calcarine sulcus, is located on the medial surface of the occipital lobe and divides the primary visual cortex (a.k.a. calcarine cortex) into two halves.
The fissure is variable in course but is generally oriented horizontally, anteriorly joining the parieto-occipital...
Article
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood, most often presenting as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle with associated mass-effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the prog...
Article
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), is a neurotoxic state that occurs secondary to the inability of the posterior circulation to autoregulate in response to acute changes in blood pressure. Hyperperfusion wi...
Article
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease which results from the reactivation of John Cunningham virus (JC virus) infecting oligodendrocytes in patients with compromised immune systems.
It is considered the most common clinical manifestation of JC virus infecti...
Article
Inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy is an uncommon cerebral amyloid deposition disease, closely related to the far more common non-inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and can present as areas of vasogenic edema.
Terminology
The term "inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy" can be ...
Article
Posterior circulation infarction
Posterior circulation infarction, also known as posterior circulation stroke, corresponds to any infarction occurring within the vertebrobasilar vascular territory, which includes the brainstem, cerebellum, midbrain, thalami, and areas of temporal and occipital lobes.
Please refer to each speci...
Article
Zygoma
The zygoma (also known as zygomatic bone or malar bone) is an important facial bone which forms the prominence of the cheek. It is roughly quadrangular in shape.
Gross anatomy
Zygoma has three surfaces, five borders, and two processes.
Surfaces
anterolateral surface is convex, pierced at its...
Article
Subependymoma
Subependymomas are uncommon, benign (WHO grade 1) tumors which are slow-growing and non-invasive. They tend to occur in middle-aged and older individuals and usually identified as an incidental finding.
Terminology
These tumors were previously also known as subependymal astrocytomas, not to b...
Article
Cyclops lesion (knee)
The cyclops lesion, also known as localized anterior arthrofibrosis, is a painful anterior knee mass associated with loss of extension that arises as a complication of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, although has rarely been reported in patients with ACL injuries that have not b...
Article
Metacarpal fracture
Metacarpal fractures are common accounting for 10% of all fractures and 40% of all hand fractures. The most common metacarpal fracture is fracture of the neck of the fifth metacarpal, or boxer's fracture, accounting for 10% of all hand fractures.4
Terminology
Specific names are given to fractu...
Article
Simple bone cyst
Simple bone cyst (SBC) is a common benign non-neoplastic lucent bony lesion that is seen mainly in childhood and typically remains asymptomatic.
SBC accounts for the 'S' in the popular mnemonic for lucent bone lesions FEGNOMASHIC.
Terminology
Currently (c. 2024) the nomenclature unicameral bo...
Article
Positive ulnar variance
Positive ulnar variance describes where the distal articular surface of the ulna is more than 2.5 mm distal to the articular surface of the radius.
It plays important role in wrist pathology such as ulnar impaction syndromes and thinning of the triangular fibrocartilage complex.
Radiographic ...
Article
Dinner fork deformity (wrist)
A dinner fork deformity, also known as a bayonet deformity, occurs as the result of a malunited distal radial fracture, usually a Colles fracture. The distal fragment is dorsally angulated, displaced and often also impacted. The term is descriptive, as the lateral view of the wrist is similar to...
Article
Gastric diverticulum
Gastric diverticula are sac-like outpouchings that most commonly originate from the posterior surface of the gastric fundus. They are the least common of the gastrointestinal diverticula.
Epidemiology
Gastric diverticula are rare and commonly detected incidentally. The incidence varies from 0...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (F)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter F and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep both the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q...
Article
Brachial plexus root subdivisions (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for brachial plexus root subdivisions include:
Rad Techs Drink Cold Beer
Robbie T Drinks Cold Beer
Rugby Teams Drink Cold Beers
Reach To Drink Cold Beer
Read That Damn Cadaver Book
Really Tired, Don't Care Now (nerve instead of branch)
Red Toucans Don't Come Back
Mnemonic
Whe...
Article
Pulmonary cavity
A pulmonary cavity is a collection of gas and/or fluid enclosed by a thick and often irregular wall which usually occurs when central necrotic tissue is expelled via a bronchial connection. Cavities may be single or multiple and can be isolated or associated with lung disease 12.
Terminology
P...
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