Anal cancer (staging)
Updates to Article Attributes
Body
was changed:
The acceptedmost recent version of TNM staging of anal cancer is as follows1
Primary tumour (T)
- TX: primary tumour cannot be assessed
- T0: no evidence of primary tumour
- Tis: carcinoma in situ (Bowen disease, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL], anal intraepithelial neoplasia II-III (AIN II-III)
- T1: tumour 2 cm or less in greatest dimension
- T2: tumour >2 cm but <5 cm in greatest dimension
- T3: tumour >5 cm in greatest dimension
- T4: tumour of any size invades adjacent organ(s), e.g. vagina, urethra, bladder (note that direct invasion of the rectal wall, perirectal skin, subcutaneous tissue, or the sphincter muscle(s) is not classified as T4)
Regional lymph nodes (N)
- Nx: regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
- N0: no regional lymph node metastasis
-
N1: metastasis in
perirectalregional lymph nodes(s) -
N2N1a:metastasismetastases inunilateralinguinal, mesorectal, and/or internal iliacand/or inguinallymphnode(s)nodes -
N3N1b:metastasismetastases inperirectal and inguinalexternal iliac lymph nodes -
N1c: metastases in external iliac and in inguinal, mesorectal, and/or
bilateralinternal iliac lymph nodes
Distant metastasis (M)
- Mx: distant metastasis cannot be assessed
- M0: no distant metastasis
- M1: distant metastasis
Involvement of the external iliacpara-aortic or para-aorticmore distant lymph nodes are is considered as M1.
-<p>The accepted <strong>TNM staging</strong> of <a href="/articles/anal-cancer">anal cancer</a> is as follows <sup>1</sup>:</p><h6>Primary tumour (T)</h6><ul>- +<p>The most recent version of <strong>TNM staging</strong> of <a href="/articles/anal-cancer">anal cancer</a> is as follows:</p><h6>Primary tumour (T)</h6><ul>
-<strong>Tis</strong>: carcinoma in situ</li>- +<strong>Tis</strong>: carcinoma in situ (Bowen disease, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL], anal intraepithelial neoplasia II-III (AIN II-III)</li>
-<strong>T4</strong>: tumour of any size invades adjacent organ(s), e.g. vagina, urethra, bladder</li>- +<strong>T4</strong>: tumour of any size invades adjacent organ(s), e.g. vagina, urethra, bladder (note that direct invasion of the rectal wall, perirectal skin, subcutaneous tissue, or the sphincter muscle(s) is not classified as T4)</li>
-<strong>N1</strong>: metastasis in perirectal lymph nodes(s)</li>- +<strong>N1</strong>: metastasis in regional lymph nodes</li>
-<strong>N2</strong>: metastasis in unilateral internal iliac and/or inguinal lymph node(s)</li>- +<strong>N1a</strong>: metastases in inguinal, mesorectal, and/or internal iliac lymph nodes</li>
-<strong>N3</strong>: metastasis in perirectal and inguinal lymph nodes and/or bilateral internal iliac lymph nodes</li>- +<strong>N1b</strong>: metastases in external iliac lymph nodes</li>
- +<li>
- +<strong>N1c</strong>: metastases in external iliac and in inguinal, mesorectal, and/or internal iliac lymph nodes</li>
-</ul><p>Involvement of the external iliac or para-aortic lymph nodes are considered as M1.</p>- +</ul><p>Involvement of para-aortic or more distant lymph nodes <span style="background-color:rgb(246, 213, 217)">is </span>considered as M1.</p>
References changed:
- 2. Durot C, Dohan A, Boudiaf M, Servois V, Soyer P, Hoeffel C. Cancer of the Anal Canal: Diagnosis, Staging and Follow-Up with MRI. Korean J Radiol. 2017;18(6):946-56. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2017.18.6.946">doi:10.3348/kjr.2017.18.6.946</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29089827">Pubmed</a>
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