Anterior condylar confluence

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The anterior condylar confluence is an extracranial venous structure at the base of skull that communicates extensively with regional veins and dural venous sinuses.

It is located immediately anterior to the hypoglossal canal and medial to the jugular vein, just inferior to the jugular bulb and inferior petrosal sinus ^1,2.

It is formed by the confluence ofthe anterior, lateral and posterior condylar veins and communicates with many of the nearby venous structures:

anterosuperiorly: internal carotid artery venous plexus of Rektorzik via the inferior petro-occipital vein
medially: clival diploic veins
posterolaterally: jugular bulb and inferior petrosal sinus

History and etymology

The anterior condylar confluence was first described by Jean Baptiste Paulin Trolard (1842–1910), a French anatomist, in 1868 ^2,3.

-The anterior condylar confluence is an extracranial venous structure at the base of skull that communicates extensively with regional veins and <a title="Dural venous sinuses" href="/articles/dural-venous-sinuses">dural venous sinuses</a>. It is located immediately anterior to the <a title="Hypoglossal canal" href="/articles/hypoglossal-canal">hypoglossal canal</a> and medial to the <a title="Internal jugular vein" href="/articles/internal-jugular-vein">jugular vein</a>, just inferior to the <a title="Jugular bulb" href="/articles/jugular-bulb">jugular bulb</a> and <a title="Inferior petrosal sinus" href="/articles/inferior-petrosal-sinus">inferior petrosal sinus</a> 1,2. It is formed by the confluence of the anterior, lateral and posterior condylar veins and communicates with many of the nearby venous structures:<ul>
-<li>anterosuperiorly: <a title="Internal carotid artery venous plexus of Rektorzik" href="/articles/internal-carotid-artery-venous-plexus-of-rektorzik">internal carotid artery venous plexus of Rektorzik</a> via the <a title="inferior petro-occipital vein" href="/articles/inferior-petro-occipital-vein">inferior petro-occipital vein</a>
+The anterior condylar confluence is an extracranial venous structure at the base of skull that communicates extensively with regional veins and <a href="/articles/dural-venous-sinuses">dural venous sinuses</a>. It is located immediately anterior to the <a href="/articles/hypoglossal-canal">hypoglossal canal</a> and medial to the <a href="/articles/internal-jugular-vein">jugular vein</a>, just inferior to the <a href="/articles/jugular-bulb">jugular bulb</a> and <a href="/articles/inferior-petrosal-sinus">inferior petrosal sinus</a> 1,2. It is formed by the confluence of the anterior, lateral and posterior condylar veins and communicates with many of the nearby venous structures:<ul>
+<li>anterosuperiorly: <a href="/articles/internal-carotid-artery-venous-plexus-of-rektorzik">internal carotid artery venous plexus of Rektorzik</a> via the <a href="/articles/inferior-petro-occipital-vein">inferior petro-occipital vein</a>
~~-<li>medially: <a title="Clival diploic veins" href="/articles/clival-diploic-veins">clival diploic veins</a>~~
+<li>medially: <a href="/articles/clival-diploic-veins">clival diploic veins</a>

References changed:

1. San Millán Ruíz D, Gailloud P, Rüfenacht DA, Delavelle J, Henry F, Fasel JH. The craniocervical venous system in relation to cerebral venous drainage. (2002) AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology. 23 (9): 1500-8. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12372739">Pubmed</a>
2. Gianni Boris Bradac. Applied Cerebral Angiography. (2017) <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN9783319572284">ISBN: 9783319572284</a>
3. Marios Loukas, Misha Shea, Cory Shea, Martine Lutter-Hoppenheim, Paula Zand, R. Shane Tubbs, Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol. Jean Baptiste Paulin Trolard (1842–1910): his life and contributions to neuroanatomy: Historical vignette. (2010) Journal of Neurosurgery. 112 (6): 1192. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3171/2009.8.JNS09818">doi:10.3171/2009.8.JNS09818</a>

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