Apical cap
Updates to Article Attributes
Body
was changed:
Apical pleural cap refers to a curved density at the lung apex seen on chest radiograph.
Epidemiology
The frequency of apical pleural thickening increases with age 3.
Pathology
It arises from a number of causes:
-
pleural thickening/scarring
- idiopathic:
often achronic ischaemic aetiology is favoured for most cases 4 - secondary to previous apical infection: typically pulmonary tuberculosis
- radiation fibrosis
- may be present in up to 10% of radiographs 2
- idiopathic:
- Pancoast tumour
- haematoma
- thoracic aortic injury
- upper thoracic spine injury
- fractured first rib
- lymphoma: extending from neck
or mediastinum/mediastinum - abscess within the neck/mediastinum
-<li>idiopathic: often a chronic ischaemic aetiology is favoured for most cases<sup> 4</sup>- +<li>idiopathic: chronic ischaemic aetiology is favoured for most cases<sup> 4</sup>
-<li>secondary to previous apical infection: typically <a href="/articles/tuberculosis-pulmonary-manifestations">pulmonary tuberculosis</a>- +<li>secondary to previous apical infection: typically <a href="/articles/tuberculosis-pulmonary-manifestations-1">pulmonary tuberculosis</a>
-<li>lymphoma: extending from neck or mediastinum</li>- +<li>lymphoma: extending from neck/mediastinum</li>
References changed:
- 2. Gerald de Lacey et.al. The Chest X-Ray: A Survival Guide. Saunders Ltd. ISBN:0702030465. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0702030465">Read it at Google Books</a> - <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0702030465">Find it at Amazon</a><span class="auto"></span>
- 2. Gerald de Lacey et.al. The Chest X-Ray. Saunders Ltd. ISBN:0702030465. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0702030465">Read it at Google Books</a> - <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0702030465">Find it at Amazon</a><span class="auto"></span>
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.