Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Updates to Article Attributes
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is extremely common in elderly men and is a major cause of outflow obstruction. Although the term prostatomegaly is often used interchangeably, strictly speaking prostatomegaly may refer to any cause of prostatic enlargement.
Epidemiology
By the age of 60, 50% of men have BPH, and by 90 years of age the prevalence has increased to 90%. As such it is often thought of essentially as a 'normal' part of ageing 1.
Clinical presentation
Although a degree of prostatomegaly may be completely asymptomatic, the most common presentation is with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) including 1-4:
- poor stream despite straining
- hesitancy, frequency and incomplete emptying of the bladder
- nocturia
An enlarged prostate may also be incidentally found on imaging of the pelvis or on rectal exam.
Pathology
Bening prostatic hypertrophy is due to a combination of stromal hypertrophy and glandular hyperplasia, predominantly of the central zone (as opposed to prostate cancer which typically originates in the peripheral zone).
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
Ultrasound has become the standard first line investigation after the urologist's finger. Typically there is an increase in volume of the prostate with a calculated volume exceeding 30cc ( (A x B x C)/2 ). The central gland is enlarged, and is hypoechoic or of mixed echogenicity. Calcification can be seen both within the hypertrophied gland as well as in the pseudocapsule (representing compressed peripheral zone).
Post micturition residual volume is typically elevated.
Fluoroscopy : IVP
The bladder floor can be elevated and the distal ureters lifiting medially (J-shaped ureters or Fishhook ureters). Chronic bladder outlet obstruction can lead to detrusor hypertrophy , trabecullation and formation of bladder diverticula.
CT
Not typically used to asses the prostate, BPH is more frequently an incidental finding. Extension above the symphasis pubis was used as a marker on axial imaging, however now that volume acquisition and coronal reformats are standard, the same criteria as on US can be used (>30 cc)
MRI
Typically demonstrates the enlarged central zone to be heterogenous in signal with an intact low signal pseudocapsule around its periphery.
Treatment and prognosis
Treatment for symptomatic patients is typically with a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), and careful patient selection is important given the high prevalence of both BPH and lower urinary symptoms (LUTS) in this population. Urodynamic studies and prostate size estimation are often used to guide therapy, although prostate size in isolation is a poor predictor of symptom severity 4.
Complications of untreated benign prostatic hypertrophy include 4:
- urinary retention
- hydronephrosis and hydroureter and eventual renal failure
- recurrent urinary tract infection
- bladder calculi and bladder diverticula
- recurrent gross haematuria
-<p><strong>Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)</strong> is extremely common in elderly men and is a major cause of outflow obstruction. Although the term prostatomegaly is often used interchangeably, strictly speaking prostatomegaly may refer to any cause of prostatic enlargement. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>By the age of 60, 50% of men have BPH, and by 90 years of age the prevalence has increased to 90%. As such it is often thought of essentially as a 'normal' part of ageing <sup>1</sup>.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Although a degree of prostatomegaly may be completely asymptomatic, the most common presentation is with <a href="/articles/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms" title="Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)">lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)</a> including <sup>1-4</sup>: </p><ul>- +<p><strong>Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)</strong> is extremely common in elderly men and is a major cause of outflow obstruction. Although the term prostatomegaly is often used interchangeably, strictly speaking prostatomegaly may refer to any cause of prostatic enlargement. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>By the age of 60, 50% of men have BPH, and by 90 years of age the prevalence has increased to 90%. As such it is often thought of essentially as a 'normal' part of ageing <sup>1</sup>.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Although a degree of prostatomegaly may be completely asymptomatic, the most common presentation is with <a href="/articles/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms">lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)</a> including <sup>1-4</sup>: </p><ul>
-</ul><p>An enlarged prostate may also be incidentally found on imaging of the pelvis or on rectal exam. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Bening prostatic hypertrophy is due to a combination of stromal hypertrophy and glandular hyperplasia, predominantly of the central zone (as opposed to <a href="/articles/prostatic-carcinoma-1">prostate cancer</a> which typically originates in the peripheral zone). </p><a name="US"></a><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Ultrasound</h5><p>Ultrasound has become the standard first line investigation after the urologist's finger. Typically there is an increase in volume of the prostate with a calculated volume exceeding 30cc ( (A x B x C)/2 ). The central gland is enlarged, and is hypoechoic or of mixed echogenicity. Calcification can be seen both within the hypertrophied gland as well as in the pseudocapsule (representing compressed peripheral zone). </p><p>Post micturition residual volume is typically elevated.</p><h5>Fluoroscopy : IVP</h5><p>The bladder floor can be elevated and the distal ureters lifiting medially (<a href="/articles/j-shaped-ureters">J-shaped ureters</a> or <a href="/articles/fishhook_ureters">Fishhook ureters)</a>. Chronic bladder outlet obstruction can lead to <a href="/articles/detrusor-hypertrophy">detrusor hypertrophy</a> , trabecullation and formation of <a href="/articles/bladder-diverticula">bladder diverticula</a>.</p><h5>CT</h5><p>Not typically used to asses the prostate, BPH is more frequently an incidental finding. Extension above the symphasis pubis was used as a marker on axial imaging, however now that volume acquisition and coronal reformats are standard, the same criteria as on US can be used (>30 cc)</p><h5>MRI</h5><p>Typically demonstrates the enlarged central zone to be heterogenous in signal with an intact low signal pseudocapsule around its periphery. </p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><a name="CT"></a><p>Treatment for symptomatic patients is typically with a <a href="/articles/transurethral-resection-of-the-prostate-turp">transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)</a>, and careful patient selection is important given the high prevalence of both BPH and lower urinary symptoms (LUTS) in this population. Urodynamic studies and prostate size estimation are often used to guide therapy, although prostate size in isolation is a poor predictor of symptom severity <sup>4</sup>. </p><p>Complications of untreated benign prostatic hypertrophy include 4:</p><ul>-<li><a href="/articles/urinary-retention" title="urinary retention">urinary retention</a></li>- +</ul><p>An enlarged prostate may also be incidentally found on imaging of the pelvis or on rectal exam. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Bening prostatic hypertrophy is due to a combination of stromal hypertrophy and glandular hyperplasia, predominantly of the central zone (as opposed to <a href="/articles/prostatic-carcinoma-1">prostate cancer</a> which typically originates in the peripheral zone).</p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Ultrasound</h5><p>Ultrasound has become the standard first line investigation after the urologist's finger. Typically there is an increase in volume of the prostate with a calculated volume exceeding 30cc ( (A x B x C)/2 ). The central gland is enlarged, and is hypoechoic or of mixed echogenicity. Calcification can be seen both within the hypertrophied gland as well as in the pseudocapsule (representing compressed peripheral zone).</p><p>Post micturition residual volume is typically elevated.</p><h5>Fluoroscopy : IVP</h5><p>The bladder floor can be elevated and the distal ureters lifiting medially (<a href="/articles/j-shaped-ureters">J-shaped ureters</a> or <a href="/articles/fishhook-ureters">Fishhook ureters)</a>. Chronic bladder outlet obstruction can lead to <a href="/articles/detrusor-hypertrophy">detrusor hypertrophy</a> , trabecullation and formation of <a href="/articles/bladder-diverticula">bladder diverticula</a>.</p><h5>CT</h5><p>Not typically used to asses the prostate, BPH is more frequently an incidental finding. Extension above the symphasis pubis was used as a marker on axial imaging, however now that volume acquisition and coronal reformats are standard, the same criteria as on US can be used (>30 cc)</p><h5>MRI</h5><p>Typically demonstrates the enlarged central zone to be heterogenous in signal with an intact low signal pseudocapsule around its periphery.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Treatment for symptomatic patients is typically with a <a href="/articles/transurethral-resection-of-the-prostate-turp">transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)</a>, and careful patient selection is important given the high prevalence of both BPH and lower urinary symptoms (LUTS) in this population. Urodynamic studies and prostate size estimation are often used to guide therapy, although prostate size in isolation is a poor predictor of symptom severity <sup>4</sup>. </p><p>Complications of untreated benign prostatic hypertrophy include 4:</p><ul>
- +<li><a href="/articles/urinary-retention">urinary retention</a></li>
-<a href="/articles/hydronephrosis" title="hydronephrosis">hydronephrosis</a> and <a href="/articles/hydroureter" title="hydroureter">hydroureter</a> and eventual <a href="/articles/renal-failure" title="renal failure">renal failure</a>- +<a href="/articles/hydronephrosis">hydronephrosis</a> and <a href="/articles/hydroureter">hydroureter</a> and eventual <a href="/articles/renal-failure">renal failure</a>
-<li>recurrent <a href="/articles/urinary-tract-infection" title="urinary tract infection">urinary tract infection</a>- +<li>recurrent <a href="/articles/urinary-tract-infection">urinary tract infection</a>
-<a href="/articles/bladder_calculus" title="Bladder calculi">bladder calculi</a> and <a href="/articles/urinary-bladder-diverticulum" title="Bladder diverticula">bladder diverticula</a>- +<a href="/articles/bladder-calculus">bladder calculi</a> and <a href="/articles/urinary-bladder-diverticulum">bladder diverticula</a>
-<li>recurrent gross <a href="/articles/haematuria" title="haematuria">haematuria</a>- +<li>recurrent gross <a href="/articles/haematuria">haematuria</a>
References changed:
- 5. McClennan B. Diagnostic Imaging Evaluation of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am. 1990;17(3):517-36. - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1695780">Pubmed</a>
- 6. Jepsen J & Bruskewitz R. Comprehensive Patient Evaluation for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Urology. 1998;51(4A Suppl):13-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00050-8">doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00050-8</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9586591">Pubmed</a>
- 7. Scheckowitz E & Resnick M. Imaging of the Prostate. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am. 1995;22(2):321-32. - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7539178">Pubmed</a>
- 3. Prostate Hyperplasia, Benign by Raymond J Leveillee from emedicine.com. <a href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-overview">Prostate Hyperplasia, Benign</a><div class="ref_v2"></div>
Image 3 CT (Coronal) ( update )
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