Bone mineral density
Updates to Article Attributes
Body
was changed:
Bone mineral density (BMD) is defined as amount of mineral (calcium hydroxyapatite) per unit of bone.
Measurement
BMD can be measured by various methods:
-
gamma rays: replaced by radiographic methods
- single-energy photon absorptiometry (SPA) was superseded by the introduction of Single X-ray absorptiometry. Both methods measure density at peripheral sites in the skeleton (e.g. distal radius, calcaneus), but the disadvantage is that it cannot measure trabecular and cortical bone separately.
- dual-energy photon absorptiometry (DPA) also has been replaced by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
-
x-ray
- single-energy x-ray absorptiometry- described in single photon absorptiometry
- dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)- described in dual photon absorptiometry.
- quantitative computed tomography
- radiogrammetry
-
ultrasound
- calcaneal ultrasonography- determines bone mineral density and bone strength.
- Speed Sound (SOS)- measures velocity in the bone.
- Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA)- measures the frequency in the bone.
-
MRI
- spectroscopy
- quantitative magnetic resonance imaging- depicts changes in the trabecular structures at several sites of the peripheral skeleton.
See also
-<a title="low bone mineral density" href="/articles/low-bone-mineral-density">low bone mineral density</a><ul>-<li><a title="Generalized osteopenia" href="/articles/generalised-osteopaenia">osteopenia</a></li>- +<a href="/articles/low-bone-mineral-density">low bone mineral density</a><ul>
- +<li><a href="/articles/generalised-osteopaenia">osteopaenia</a></li>
-<li><a title="high bone mineral density" href="/articles/high-bone-mineral-density">high bone mineral density</a></li>- +<li><a href="/articles/high-bone-mineral-density">high bone mineral density</a></li>
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