Congenital talipes equinovarus
Updates to Article Attributes
Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is considered the most common anomaly affecting the feet diagnosed on antenatal ultrasound.
Terminology
While some publications use CTEV and club foot (CF) synonymously. In, in certain publications term clubfoot is considered a more general descriptive term that describes three distinct abnormalities:
- talipes equinovarus(adduction of the forefoot, inversion of the heel and plantar flexion of the forefoot and ankle)
- talipes calcaneovalgus (dorsal flexion of the forefoot with the plantar surface facing laterally)
- metatarsus varus (inversion and adduction of the forefoot alone)
Epidemiology
It carries an estimated incidence of 0.5-5% of live births 4. Some reports suggest a male predilection with a male to female ratio of 2:1. The condition is bilateral in more than half of cases.
Pathology
The deformity involves both ankle and subtalar joints. The malalignment is fixed by joint, ligamentous and tendinous contractures.
There may be a familial predilection in ~15% of cases 9. If detected antenatally, a careful search for other associated anomalies are recommended.
Associations
There is an immense number (estimated at 200) 8 of associations which include:
- chromosomal anomalies
- other syndromic conditions
- renal anomalies
- connective tissue disorders
- spinal anomalies
- skeletal dysplasias
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
Assessment requires weightbearing DP and lateral radiographs. Where weightbearing is not possible, it should be simulated.
Talipes equinovarus consists of four elements 7:
- hindfoot equinus: lateral talocalcaneal angle less than 35º
- hindfoot varus: talocalcaneal angle less than 20º
- metatarsus adductus: adduction and varus deformity of the forefoot; talus to first metatarsal angle greater than 15º
- talonavicular subluxation: medial subluxation of the navicular on the talus
Ultrasound
Approximately 10-20% of individuals with prenatal diagnosed clubfoot may have a normal foot or positional foot deformity requiring minimal treatment. Conversely, 10-13% of prenatally diagnosed individuals with isolated clubfoot will have complex clubfoot postnatally, dependent on the presence of additional structural or neurodevelopmental abnormalities 13-15.
Sonographic features may vary dependent on severity. Both the tibia and fibula are may be on the same image as the medially deviated foot and the foot may additionally appear plantar flexed.
Treatment and prognosis
Many (at least 50%) require orthopaedic intervention 8. The Ponseti method is a manipulative technique that corrects congenital clubfoot without invasive surgery. Therapeutic options range from casting and manipulation, through to surgical release. The most common surgical complication is overcorrection resulting in a "rockerbottom" flat foot deformity. Overall prognosis will often depend on other associated condition. Isolated condition may be treated successfully 8.
-<p><strong>Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV)</strong> is considered the most common anomaly affecting the feet diagnosed on antenatal ultrasound.</p><h4>Terminology</h4><p>While some publications use <strong>CTEV </strong>and <strong>club foot (CF)</strong> synonymously. In certain publications term clubfoot is considered a more general descriptive term that describes three distinct abnormalities</p><ul>-<li>-<strong>talipes equinovarus </strong>(adduction of the forefoot, inversion of the heel and plantar flexion of the forefoot and ankle)</li>- +<p><strong>Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV)</strong> is considered the most common anomaly affecting the feet diagnosed on antenatal ultrasound.</p><h4>Terminology</h4><p>While some use <strong>CTEV </strong>and <strong>club foot (CF)</strong> synonymously, in certain publications term clubfoot is considered a more general descriptive term that describes three distinct abnormalities:</p><ul>
- +<li>talipes equinovarus<strong> </strong>(adduction of the forefoot, inversion of the heel and plantar flexion of the forefoot and ankle)</li>
-</ul><h5>Ultrasound</h5><p>Approximately 10-20% of individuals with prenatal diagnosed clubfoot may have a normal foot or positional foot deformity requiring minimal treatment. Conversely, 10-13% of prenatally diagnosed individuals with isolated clubfoot will have complex clubfoot postnatally, dependent on the presence of additional structural or neurodevelopmental abnormalities <sup>13-15</sup>.</p><p>Sonographic features may vary dependent on severity. Both the tibia and fibula are may be on the same image as the medially deviated foot and the foot may additionally appear plantar flexed.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Many (at least 50%) require orthopaedic intervention <sup>8</sup>. The Ponseti method is a manipulative technique that corrects congenital clubfoot without invasive surgery. Therapeutic options range from casting and manipulation, through to surgical release. The most common surgical complication is overcorrection resulting in a "<a href="/articles/rocker-bottom-foot">rockerbottom</a>" flat foot deformity. Overall prognosis will often depend on other associated condition. Isolated condition may be treated successfully <sup>8</sup>.</p>- +</ul><h5>Ultrasound</h5><p>Approximately 10-20% of individuals with prenatal diagnosed clubfoot may have a normal foot or positional foot deformity requiring minimal treatment. Conversely, 10-13% of prenatally diagnosed individuals with isolated clubfoot will have complex clubfoot postnatally, dependent on the presence of additional structural or neurodevelopmental abnormalities <sup>13-15</sup>.</p><p>Sonographic features may vary dependent on severity. Both the tibia and fibula may be on the same image as the medially deviated foot and the foot may additionally appear plantar flexed.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Many (at least 50%) require orthopaedic intervention <sup>8</sup>. The Ponseti method is a manipulative technique that corrects congenital clubfoot without invasive surgery. Therapeutic options range from casting and manipulation, through to surgical release. The most common surgical complication is overcorrection resulting in a "<a href="/articles/rocker-bottom-foot">rockerbottom</a>" flat foot deformity. Overall prognosis will often depend on other associated condition. Isolated condition may be treated successfully <sup>8</sup>.</p>
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