Hallux interphalangeal angle

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The hallux interphalangeal angle (HIA) is the angle between the proximal and distal phalanx of the great toe and serves for the evaluation of toe deformity at the level of the first interphalangeal joint.

Usage

The hallux interphalangeal angle is used in the setting of hallux valgus or hallux varus to assess the requirement of a proximal phalanx osteotomy ~~(Akin~~(e.g. Akin procedure) ¹.

Measurement

The hallux interphalangeal angle is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the proximal and distal phalanx of the great toe, which can be derived by bisection of the phalangeal shaft of both bones ^1,2.

Interpretation

A hallux interphalangeal angle <10° is considered normal ^1,3.

Inter and intra-observer reliability with regard to a discrepancy of ≤5° isare both between 80% and 85% ⁴.

Related pathology

A significantly increased ~~hallux~~ hallux interphalangeal angle ≥14.5 ° is considered as a risk factor for the development of an ingrown ~~toe nail~~toenail ⁵.

-<p>The <strong>hallux interphalangeal angle (HIA)</strong> is the angle between the proximal and distal phalanx of the great toe and serves the evaluation of toe deformity at the level of the first interphalangeal joint.</p><h4>Usage</h4><h4>The hallux interphalangeal angle is used in the setting of hallux valgus or hallux varus to assess the requirement of a proximal phalanx osteotomy (Akin procedure) <sup>1</sup>.</h4><h4>Measurement</h4><p>The hallux interphalangeal angle is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the proximal and distal phalanx of the great toe, which can be derived by bisection of the phalangeal shaft of both bones <sup>1,2</sup>.</p><h4>Interpretation</h4><p>A hallux interphalangeal angle <10° is considered normal <sup>1,3</sup>. </p><p>Inter and intra-observer reliability with regard to a discrepancy of ≤5° is between 80% and 85% <sup>4</sup>.</p><p> </p><h4>Related pathology</h4><p>A significantly increased hallux hallux interphalangeal angle ≥14.5 ° is considered as risk factor for the development of ingrown toe nail <sup>5</sup>.</p>
+<p>The <strong>hallux interphalangeal angle (HIA)</strong> is the angle between the proximal and distal phalanx of the great toe and serves for the evaluation of toe deformity at the level of the first <a title="Interphalangeal joints" href="/articles/interphalangeal-joints">interphalangeal joint</a>.</p><h4>Usage</h4><p>The hallux interphalangeal angle is used in the setting of <a title="Hallux valgus" href="/articles/hallux-valgus">hallux valgus</a> or hallux varus to assess the requirement of a proximal phalanx osteotomy (e.g. Akin procedure) <sup>1</sup>.</p><h4>Measurement</h4><p>The hallux interphalangeal angle is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the proximal and distal phalanx of the great toe, which can be derived by bisection of the phalangeal shaft of both bones <sup>1,2</sup>.</p><h4>Interpretation</h4><p>A hallux interphalangeal angle <10° is considered normal <sup>1,3</sup>. </p><p>Inter and intra-observer reliability with regard to a discrepancy of ≤5° are both between 80% and 85% <sup>4</sup>.</p><h4>Related pathology</h4><p>A significantly increased hallux interphalangeal angle ≥14.5 ° is considered as a risk factor for the development of an ingrown toenail <sup>5</sup>.</p><h4>See also</h4><ul>
+<li><a href="/articles/first-metatarsophalangeal-angle">first metatarsophalangeal angle</a></li>
+<li><a title="Distal metatarsal articular angle" href="/articles/distal-metatarsal-articular-angle">distal metatarsal articular angle</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/intermetatarsal-angle">intermetatarsal angle</a></li>
+</ul>

References changed:

1. Lau B, Allahabadi S, Palanca A, Oji D. Understanding Radiographic Measurements Used in Foot and Ankle Surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2021;30(2):e139-54. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5435/jaaos-d-20-00189">doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-20-00189</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34768261">Pubmed</a>
2. Lamm B, Stasko P, Gesheff M, Bhave A. Normal Foot and Ankle Radiographic Angles, Measurements, and Reference Points. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;55(5):991-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2016.05.005">doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2016.05.005</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27320694">Pubmed</a>
3. Gentili A, Masih S, Yao L, Seeger L. Pictorial Review: Foot Axes and Angles. Br J Radiol. 1996;69(826):968-74. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-69-826-968">doi:10.1259/0007-1285-69-826-968</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9038535">Pubmed</a>
4. Khademi M, Saragas N, Ferrao P, Strydom A. Reliability of the Radiographic Measurement of the Hallux Interphalangeal Angle. Foot Ankle Spec. 2020;:1938640020950117. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1938640020950117">doi:10.1177/1938640020950117</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32819157">Pubmed</a>
5. Córdoba-Fernández A, Montaño-Jiménez P, Coheña-Jiménez M. Relationship Between the Presence of Abnormal Hallux Interphalangeal Angle and Risk of Ingrown Hallux Nail: A Case Control Study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;16(1):301. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-015-0749-1">doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0749-1</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472543">Pubmed</a>

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