In-phase and out-of-phase sequences

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In-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OOP) sequences correspond to paired MRI gradient echo (GRE) sequences obtained with the same repetition time (TR) but with two different echo time (TE) values.

Applications

The main application of the IP-OOP sequences is to identify pathological (microscopic) fat content of tissues in the abdomen by showing signal intensities drop on the OOP images compared to the IP images. Examples where IP-OOP sequences are useful include ^1,2:

fatty liver and focal fatty sparing
adrenal adenoma (helping differentiate it from carcinomas and metastases)
lipid-poor angiomyolipoma
renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
thymic hyperplasia
~~Malignant~~malignant vs benign vertebral fractures~~. (malignant~~: malignant lesions display persistence high signals ~~at the~~on opposed phase) ^3,4

~~-<li>Malignant vs benign vertebral fractures. (malignant lesions display persistence high signals at the opposed phase) <sup>3,4</sup>~~
+<li>malignant vs benign vertebral fractures: malignant lesions display persistence high signals on opposed phase <sup>3,4</sup>

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In-phase and out-of-phase sequences

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