Left ventricular enlargement
Updates to Article Attributes
Body
was changed:
Left ventricular enlargement can be the result of a number of condition, including:
- pressure overload
- volume overload
- wall abnormalities
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
Features that may be visible on a chest radiograph include:
- left heart border is displaced leftward, inferiorly, or posteriorly
- rounding of the cardiac apex
- Hoffman-Rigler sign
- Shmoo sign
Echocardiography
The parasternal long axis and apical 4 chamber views on transthoracic echocardiography are often the primary views used to gain both a qualitative and quantitative appreciation of left ventricular enlargement. Features include 4:
-
increased left ventricular internal end-diastolic diameter (LVIDd)
- parasternal long axis LVIDd > 5.3 cm (females) or > 5.9 cm (males)
-
elevated left ventricular volumes
- diastolic volumes > 104 mL (females) or > 155 mL (males)
- systolic volumes > 49 mL (females) or > 58 mL (males
-
increasingly spherical morphology
- a normal left ventricle has prolate ellipsoidal morphology, with a long axis roughly twice that of the short axis
- with severe LV enlargement the short axis dimensions may approximate those of the long axis, akin to a sphere
- +</ul><h5>Echocardiography</h5><p>The parasternal long axis and apical 4 chamber views on <a href="/articles/transthoracic-echocardiography-views">transthoracic echocardiography</a> are often the primary views used to gain both a qualitative and quantitative appreciation of left ventricular enlargement. Features include <sup>4</sup>:</p><ul>
- +<li>increased left ventricular internal end-diastolic diameter (LVIDd)<ul><li>parasternal long axis LVIDd > 5.3 cm (females) or > 5.9 cm (males)</li></ul>
- +</li>
- +<li>elevated left ventricular volumes<ul>
- +<li>diastolic volumes > 104 mL (females) or > 155 mL (males)</li>
- +<li>systolic volumes > 49 mL (females) or > 58 mL (males</li>
- +</ul>
- +</li>
- +<li>increasingly spherical morphology<ul>
- +<li>a normal left ventricle has prolate ellipsoidal morphology, with a long axis roughly twice that of the short axis</li>
- +<li>with severe LV enlargement the short axis dimensions may approximate those of the long axis, akin to a sphere</li>
- +</ul>
- +</li>
References changed:
- 4. Kou S, Caballero L, Dulgheru R, Voilliot D, De Sousa C, Kacharava G, Athanassopoulos GD, Barone D, Baroni M, Cardim N, Gomez De Diego JJ, Hagendorff A, Henri C, Hristova K, Lopez T, Magne J, De La Morena G, Popescu BA, Penicka M, Ozyigit T, Rodrigo Carbonero JD, Salustri A, Van De Veire N, Von Bardeleben RS, Vinereanu D, Voigt JU, Zamorano JL, Donal E, Lang RM, Badano LP, Lancellotti P. Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal cardiac chamber size: results from the NORRE study. (2014) European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging. 15 (6): 680-90. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jet284">doi:10.1093/ehjci/jet284</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24451180">Pubmed</a> <span class="ref_v4"></span>
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