Os acromiale
Updates to Article Attributes
Os acromiale represents an unfused accessory centre of ossification of the acromion of the scapula.
Epidemiology
Os acromiale are relatively common, seen in ~8% (range 1-15%) of the population 1,2 and may be bilateral in 60% of individuals 5.
Clinical presentation
They are usually asymptomatic. There is no statistical difference in the incidence of supraspinatus and infraspinatus tears between patients with os acromiale and a normal control group 3.
A step-off deformity of the os acromiale is associated with a greater incidence of rotator cuff tears than those without such deformity 3.
Gross anatomy
Subtypes
The subtypes develop due to the fusion pattern of the three acromial ossification centerscentres (preacromion, mesoacromion and metacromionmeta-acromion) 4 and are classified on their pattern of articulation with the acromion (from proximal to distal) 5:
-
basi-acromialbasiacromial - meta-acromial
-
meso-acromialmesoacromial -
pre-acromialpreacromial
Meta- and meso-acromional are the most common 5.
Pathology
The acromion normally has a secondary centre of ossification which usually fuses to the rest of the acromion by the age of 25. An os acromiale merely represents the persistence of this centre without fusion. It is thought to increase the risk of shoulder impingement presumably due to increased mobility.
It may cause shoulder impingement, rotator cuff tear or degenerative acromioclavicular joint disease 5.
Acromial apophysiolysis in young patients is considered a risk factor for the development of an os acromiale.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
The unfused anterior acromial ossification centercentre is best seen on axillary views.
Ultrasound
- os acromiale readily identified in patients with pathology (e.g. rotator cuff tears)
- advantage of dynamic imaging and reproducing symptoms 6
MRI
An os acromiale is readily identified if care is taken to examine the acromion in the superior axial plane as it can easily be mistaken for the normal acromioclavicular joint.
History and etymology
Os acromiale is from Ancient Greek, "os" is bone, and "acromiale" is a possessive form of "acromion", a compound word: akros (ακροσ) "highest", ōmos (ομοσ), "shoulder".
Differential diagnosis
-<p><strong>Os acromiale</strong> represents an unfused <a title="Ossification centres of the elbow" href="/articles/ossification-centres-of-the-elbow">accessory centre of ossification</a> of the <a href="/articles/acromion">acromion</a> of the <a href="/articles/scapula">scapula</a>. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p><strong>Os acromiale</strong> are relatively common, seen in ~8% (range 1-15%) of the population <sup>1,2 </sup>and may be bilateral in 60% of individuals <sup>5</sup>.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>They are usually asymptomatic. There is no statistical difference in the incidence of supraspinatus and infraspinatus tears between patients with os acromiale and a normal control group <sup>3</sup>. </p><p>A <a href="/articles/step-off-deformity">step-off deformity</a> of the os acromiale is associated with a greater incidence of rotator cuff tears than those without such deformity <sup>3</sup>. </p><h4>Gross anatomy</h4><h5>Subtypes</h5><p>The subtypes develop due to the fusion pattern of the three acromial ossification centers (preacromion, mesoacromion and metacromion) <sup>4</sup> and are classified on their pattern of articulation with the acromion (from proximal to distal) <sup>5</sup>:</p><ul>-<li>basi-acromial</li>- +<p><strong>Os acromiale</strong> represents an unfused <a href="/articles/ossification-centres-of-the-elbow">accessory centre of ossification</a> of the <a href="/articles/acromion">acromion</a> of the <a href="/articles/scapula">scapula</a>. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p><strong>Os acromiale</strong> are relatively common, seen in ~8% (range 1-15%) of the population <sup>1,2 </sup>and may be bilateral in 60% of individuals <sup>5</sup>.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>They are usually asymptomatic. There is no statistical difference in the incidence of supraspinatus and infraspinatus tears between patients with os acromiale and a normal control group <sup>3</sup>. </p><p>A <a href="/articles/step-off-deformity">step-off deformity</a> of the os acromiale is associated with a greater incidence of rotator cuff tears than those without such deformity <sup>3</sup>. </p><h4>Gross anatomy</h4><h5>Subtypes</h5><p>The subtypes develop due to the fusion pattern of the three acromial ossification centres (preacromion, mesoacromion and meta-acromion) <sup>4</sup> and are classified on their pattern of articulation with the acromion (from proximal to distal) <sup>5</sup>:</p><ul>
- +<li>basiacromial</li>
-<li>meso-acromial</li>-<li>pre-acromial</li>-</ul><p>Meta- and meso-acromional are the most common <sup>5</sup>. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>The acromion normally has a secondary centre of ossification which usually fuses to the rest of the acromion by the age of 25. An os acromiale merely represents the persistence of this centre without fusion. It is thought to increase the risk of shoulder impingement presumably due to increased mobility.</p><p>It may cause shoulder impingement, <a href="/articles/rotator-cuff-tear">rotator cuff tear</a> or degenerative acromioclavicular joint disease <em><sup>5</sup></em>. </p><p><a href="/articles/acromial-apophysiolysis">Acromial apophysiolysis</a> in young patients is considered a risk factor for the development of an os acromiale.</p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><p>The unfused anterior acromial ossification center is best seen on axillary views.</p><h5>Ultrasound</h5><ul>- +<li>mesoacromial</li>
- +<li>preacromial</li>
- +</ul><p>Meta- and meso-acromional are the most common <sup>5</sup>. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>The acromion normally has a secondary centre of ossification which usually fuses to the rest of the acromion by the age of 25. An os acromiale merely represents the persistence of this centre without fusion. It is thought to increase the risk of shoulder impingement presumably due to increased mobility.</p><p>It may cause shoulder impingement, <a href="/articles/rotator-cuff-tear">rotator cuff tear</a> or degenerative acromioclavicular joint disease <em><sup>5</sup></em>. </p><p><a href="/articles/acromial-apophysiolysis">Acromial apophysiolysis</a> in young patients is considered a risk factor for the development of an os acromiale.</p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><p>The unfused anterior acromial ossification centre is best seen on axillary views.</p><h5>Ultrasound</h5><ul>
-</ul><h5>MRI</h5><p>An os acromiale is readily identified if care is taken to examine the acromion as it can easily be mistaken for the normal <a href="/articles/acromioclavicular-joint-1">acromioclavicular joint</a>. </p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><ul>-<li>normal <a href="/articles/acromioclavicular-joint-1">acromioclavicular joint</a>-</li>-<li>degenerative ossicles</li>- +</ul><h5>MRI</h5><p>An os acromiale is readily identified if care is taken to examine the acromion in the superior axial plane as it can easily be mistaken for the normal <a href="/articles/acromioclavicular-joint-1">acromioclavicular joint</a>. </p><h4>History and etymology</h4><p>Os acromiale is from Ancient Greek, "os" is bone, and "acromiale" is a possessive form of "acromion", a compound word: akros (ακροσ) "highest", ōmos (ομοσ), "shoulder". </p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><ul>
- +<li><a title="Acromioclavicular joint" href="/articles/acromioclavicular-joint-1">normal acromioclavicular joint</a></li>
- +<li><a title="OA" href="/articles/osteoarthritis">degenerative ossicles</a></li>
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