Pectus carinatum

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Pectus carinatum, otherwise known as a pigeon chest, refers to a chest wall deformity in which the sternum protrudes anteriorly. It is less common than pectus excavatum.

Epidemiology

Associations

scoliosis (common) ²
cyanotic congenital heart disease (uncommon)
Marfan syndrome
familial occurence is reported in ~25%

Clinical presentation

Patients may present with dyspnoea and exercise intolerance.

Radiographic features

A pectus carinatum may be demonstrated on lateral chest radiographs or cross-sectional imaging of the chest. There are two patterns of sternal protrusion:

chondrogladiolar: protrusion of the middle and lower sternum
chondromanubrial: protrusion of the manubrium and upper sternum (less common); known as Currarino-Silverman syndrome

Treatment and prognosis

Treatment options include non-surgical external bracing, typically for adolescents ⁵. Surgical repair usually results in symptomatic improvement ³ with a variety of techniques include open Ravitch procedure, open or thoracoscopic minimal cartilage resection or the reverse Nuss procedure with success rates of ~90% (range 67-100%) ⁵.

History and etymology

Carina is Latin for keel (as in the hull of a ship) ⁶.

-<p><strong>Pectus carinatum</strong>, otherwise known as a <strong>pigeon chest</strong>, refers to a chest wall deformity in which the sternum protrudes anteriorly. It is less common than <a href="/articles/pectus-excavatum">pectus excavatum</a>.</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><h5>Associations</h5><ul>
+<p><strong>Pectus carinatum</strong>, otherwise known as a <strong>pigeon chest</strong>, refers to a chest wall deformity in which the sternum protrudes anteriorly. It is less common than <a href="/articles/pectus-excavatum">pectus excavatum</a>.</p><p>Epidemiology</p><p>Associations</p><ul>
~~-<li><a title="Marfan syndrome" href="/articles/marfan-syndrome">Marfan syndrome</a></li>~~
+<li><a href="/articles/marfan-syndrome">Marfan syndrome</a></li>
-</ul><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Patients may present with dyspnoea and exercise intolerance.</p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><p>A pectus carinatum may be demonstrated on lateral chest radiographs or cross-sectional imaging of the chest. There are two patterns of sternal protrusion:</p><ul>
+</ul><p>Clinical presentation</p><p>Patients may present with dyspnoea and exercise intolerance.</p><p>Radiographic features</p><p>A pectus carinatum may be demonstrated on lateral chest radiographs or cross-sectional imaging of the chest. There are two patterns of sternal protrusion:</p><ul>
-</ul><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Treatment options include non-surgical external bracing, typically for adolescents <sup>5</sup>. Surgical repair usually results in symptomatic improvement <sup>3</sup> with a variety of techniques include open <a href="/articles/ravitch-procedure">Ravitch procedure</a>, open or thoracoscopic minimal cartilage resection or the reverse <a href="/articles/nuss-procedure">Nuss procedure</a> with success rates of ~90% (range 67-100%) <sup>5</sup>.</p><h4>History and etymology</h4><p>Carina is Latin for keel (as in the hull of a ship) <sup>6</sup>.</p>
+</ul><p>Treatment and prognosis</p><p>Treatment options include non-surgical external bracing, typically for adolescents <sup>5</sup>. Surgical repair usually results in symptomatic improvement <sup>3</sup> with a variety of techniques include open <a href="/articles/ravitch-procedure">Ravitch procedure</a>, open or thoracoscopic minimal cartilage resection or the reverse <a href="/articles/nuss-procedure">Nuss procedure</a> with success rates of ~90% (range 67-100%) <sup>5</sup>.</p><p>History and etymology</p><p>Carina is Latin for keel (as in the hull of a ship) <sup>6</sup>.</p>

References changed:

6. John Traupman. The New College Latin & English Dictionary, Revised and Updated. (2007) ISBN: 9780553590128 - <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9780553590128">Google Books</a>
6. John Traupman. The New College Latin & English Dictionary, Revised and Updated. (2007) ISBN: 9780553590128 - <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9780553590128">Google Books</a>
6. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/carina
6. <span class="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/carina_v4"></span>

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Pectus carinatum

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