Pericardial calcification
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Pericardial calcification is usually seen in individual patients with a history of pericarditis and may be associated with constrictive pericarditis.
Pathology
Although historically infective pericarditis was the most common cause, a wide variety of insults can lead to calcification of the pericadiumpericardium.
- pericarditis: tuberculous, fungal, viral or pyogenic
- previous trauma (haemopericardium)
- cardiac surgery
- collagen vascular diseases: as systemic lupus erythematosus
-
uraemia - later sequelae of rheumatic heart disease
- malignant pericardial involvement (e.g. mediastinal teratoma)
- post-radiotherapy 5
- idiopathic
- calcified pericardial masse or cyst
Radiographic features
Pericardial calcification is more common over the right side, anterior and diaphragmatic aspects of the heart thanin the atrioventricular grooves 7. Calcifications over the left heartventricle or cardiac apex are rare, unless pericardial calcification is extensive. Calcification It is important to assess for signs of associated constrictive pericarditis.
Plain radiograph
- a curvilinear density at the extreme margin of the cardiac silhouette (better on lateral view)
-
extension of calcification over the
cardiac apexpulmonary outflow tract (better on lateral view) - dilated left atrium: due less pericardial investment, even with pericardial constriction, mimicking mitral stenosis
Tuberculous calcifications are the most dense, in the atrioventricular grooves and appear as thick, amorphous oblique circles or arcs of calcifications then spread over the atria and ventricles 7.
Treatment and prognosis
Medical management is more likey myocardial (e.g. from prior infarction) than be pericardial in location 3,6
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis for pericardial calcifications include:
- constrictive pericarditis: in the setting of heart failure with concern for constrictive pericarditis or restrictive cardiomyopathy, calcifications are highly suggestive of the former
- chronic adhesive pericarditis in the absence of constriction: less dense with a more patchy distribution 1
- rheumatic pericarditis 2
- myocardial calcification: more left-sided and localized calcification (e.g. over the cardiac apex from prior infarction) 3,6
-<p><strong>Pericardial calcification</strong> is usually seen in individual patients with a history of <a href="/articles/pericarditis">pericarditis</a> and may be associated with <a href="/articles/constrictive-pericarditis">constrictive pericarditis</a>. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Although historically infective pericarditis was the most common cause, a wide variety of insults can lead to calcification of the pericadium. </p><ul>-<li>previous trauma or prior <a href="/articles/pericarditis">pericarditis</a>- +<p><strong>Pericardial calcification</strong> is usually seen in individual patients with a history of <a href="/articles/pericarditis">pericarditis</a> and may be associated with <a href="/articles/constrictive-pericarditis">constrictive pericarditis</a>. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Although historically infective pericarditis was the most common cause, a wide variety of insults can lead to calcification of the pericardium. </p><ul>
- +<li>
- +<a href="/articles/pericarditis">pericarditis</a>: tuberculous, fungal, viral or pyogenic</li>
- +<li>previous trauma (<a href="/articles/haemopericardium">haemopericardium</a>) </li>
- +<li>cardiac surgery</li>
- +<li>collagen vascular diseases: as <a href="/articles/systemic-lupus-erythematosus-thoracic-manifestations-1">systemic lupus erythematosus</a>
-<li><a href="/articles/uremia">uraemia</a></li>- +<li>uremic pericarditis</li>
-</ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><p>Pericardial calcification is more common over the right heart than the left heart. Calcification over the cardiac apex is more likey myocardial (e.g. from prior <a title="Myocardial infarction" href="/articles/myocardial-infarction">infarction</a>) than be pericardial in location <sup>3,6</sup>.</p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>The differential diagnosis for pericardial calcifications include:</p><ul>- +<li>idiopathic</li>
- +<li>calcified pericardial masse or cyst</li>
- +</ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><p>Pericardial calcification is more common over the right side, anterior and diaphragmatic aspects of the heart in the atrioventricular grooves <sup>7</sup>. Calcifications over the left ventricle or cardiac apex are rare, unless pericardial calcification is extensive. It is important to assess for signs of associated <a href="/articles/constrictive-pericarditis">constrictive pericarditis</a>.</p><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><ul>
- +<li>a curvilinear density at the extreme margin of the cardiac silhouette (better on lateral view)</li>
- +<li>extension of calcification over the pulmonary outflow tract (better on lateral view)</li>
- +<li>dilated left atrium: due less pericardial investment, even with pericardial constriction, mimicking mitral stenosis</li>
- +</ul><p>Tuberculous calcifications are the most dense, in the atrioventricular grooves and appear as thick, amorphous oblique circles or arcs of calcifications then spread over the atria and ventricles <sup>7</sup>.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Medical management is ineffective, and surgical resection of the diseased pericardium is usually performed.</p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>The differential diagnosis for pericardial calcifications include:</p><ul>
-<a href="/articles/myocardial-calcification">myocardial calcification</a> (e.g. from <a href="/articles/left-ventricular-aneurysm">left ventricular aneurysm</a>) </li>- +<a href="/articles/myocardial-calcification">myocardial calcification</a>: more left-sided and localized calcification (e.g. over the cardiac apex from prior <a href="/articles/myocardial-infarction">infarction</a>) <sup>3,6</sup>
- +</li>
References changed:
- 7. Stuart J. Hutchison. Principles of Cardiovascular Radiology. (2011) ISBN: 9781437704051 - <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9781437704051">Google Books</a>
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