Physics curriculum
Updates to Article Attributes
Body
was changed:
The physics curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent core physics knowledge, including all modalities including x-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, nuclear medicine and mammography.
We've just started working on this, so only MRI is present at the moment. Check out x-rays, CT, ultrasound and mammography articles for something to read while you wait!
MRI
Basic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
-
magnetism
- magnetic dipole
- magnetic dipole moment
- diamagnetism
- paramagnetism
- ferromagnetism
- superparamagnetism
- magnetic field
- nuclear magnetisation
- precession
- Larmor frequency
- relationship between Larmor frequency and magnetic field strength
- gyromagnetic ratio
- parallel and antiparallel orientation
- quantum mechanical description of NMR
- energy difference between spin up and spin down states
-
tissue magnetisation
- dependence of magnetisation on proton density (PD), field strength and temperature
- magnetic susceptibility
RF excitation
-
nuclear magnetic resonance
- radio-frequency (RF) radiation
- flip angle
- longitudinal and transverse magnetisation
-
free induction decay (FID)
- electromagnetic induction
- RF coils
Relaxation processes
-
longitudinal (T1) relaxation
- typical T1 values
- factors affecting T1
- transverse (T2) relaxation
- T2* relaxation
- molecular tumbling rate effects on T1 and T2
- paramagnetic contrast agents
- the chemical shift
Simple pulse sequences
-
spin-echo (SE)
- time to echo (TE)
- repetition time (TR)
- T1, T2 and PD weighted SE images
- fast spin echo (FSE)
-
inversion recovery (IR)
- inversion time (TI)
- short-tau (STIR) and fluid attenuated (FLAIR) inversion recovery
- gradient-recalled echoes (GRE)
- echo planar imaging (EPI)
Production of the Image
- magnetic field gradient
- Fourier analysis
- slice selection gradient
- effect of gradient strength and bandwidth on slice thickness
- frequency encoding gradient
- phase encoding gradient
- Fourier transformation
- inverse Fourier transformation
- K-space
Instrumentation
- magnet types
-
superconducting MR magnet
- cryogenics
- magnetic quench
- magnetic field homogeneity
- magnetic shimming
-
gradient coils
- Helmholtz coils
- saddle coils
- slew rate
- Eddy currents
- RF coils
- RF transmitter
- RF receiver
- volume coils
- surface coils
- quadrature volume coils
- phased array coils
- RF shielding
- Faraday cage
- RF leakage
- magnetic shielding
- fringe field
Advanced MRI
- diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)
-
MR angiography (MRA)
- time of flight (TOF)/Flow-related enhancement (FRE)
- phase contrast imaging
- functional MR imaging (fMRI)
- magnetisation transfer contrast
- magnetisation transfer ratio
- magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
- MR/PET
Image quality and safety
- tissue contrast
- voxel size
- signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
- image averaging
- artefacts
-
MR safety
- induced current
- screening of patients and staff
- external equipment and implanted devices
- RF heating
- specific absorption rate (SAR)
- MR safety zones
- missile effect
- MR acoustic noise
- hearing protection
- quench response plan
- contrast media safety
-<p>The <strong>physics curriculum</strong> is one of our <a href="/articles/curriculum">curriculum</a> articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent core physics knowledge, including all modalities including x-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, nuclear medicine and mammography. </p><p><em>We've just started working on this, so only MRI is present at the moment. Check out <a href="/articles/x-rays">x-rays</a>, <a href="/articles/computed-tomography">CT</a>, <a href="/articles/ultrasound-introduction">ultrasound</a> and <a href="/articles/mammography">mammography</a> articles for something to read while you wait!</em></p><h4>MRI</h4><h5>Basic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)</h5><ul>- +<p>The <strong>physics curriculum</strong> is one of our <a href="/articles/curriculum">curriculum</a> articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent core physics knowledge, including all modalities including x-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, nuclear medicine and mammography. </p><p><em>We've just started working on this, so only MRI is present at the moment. Check out <a href="/articles/x-rays-1">x-rays</a>, <a href="/articles/computed-tomography">CT</a>, <a href="/articles/ultrasound-introduction">ultrasound</a> and <a href="/articles/mammography">mammography</a> articles for something to read while you wait!</em></p><h4>MRI</h4><h5>Basic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)</h5><ul>
-<li><a href="/articles/signal-to-noise-ratio">signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)</a></li>-<li>image averaging</li>- +<li>
- +<a href="/articles/signal-to-noise-ratio">signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)</a><ul><li>image averaging</li></ul>
- +</li>
- +<li>MR safety<ul>
- +<li>screening of patients and staff</li>
- +<li>external equipment and implanted devices</li>
- +<li>contrast media safety</li>
- +</ul>
- +</li>