Respiratory distress syndrome
Updates to Article Attributes
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a relatively common condition resulting from insufficient production of surfactant that occurs in preterm neonates.
On imaging, the condition generally presents as bilateral and relatively symmetric diffuse ground glass lungs with low volumes and a bell-shaped thorax.
Terminology
RDS is also known as hyaline membrane disease (not favoured as reflects non-specific histological findings), neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, lung disease of prematurity (both non-specific terms),or as some authors prefer surfactant deficiency disorder 2.
Epidemiology
The incidence is estimated at 6 per 1000 births 2.
Clinical presentation
Respiratory distress presents in the first few hours of life in a premature baby. Symptoms include tachypnoea, expiratory grunting, nasal flaring. The infant may or may not be cyanosed. Substernal and intercostal retractions may be evident.
Risk factors include maternal diabetes, greater prematurity, prenatal asphyxia and multiple gestation.
Associated abnormalities are those that can occur in prematurity: intracranial haemorrhage, necrotising enterocolitis, patent ductus arteriosus, delayed developmental milestones, hypothermia and hypoglycaemia.
Pathology
Immature type II pneumocytes cannot produce surfactant. The lack of surfactant lowers the surface tension in alveoli causing collapse. Patients have a decreased lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio. Damaged cells, necrotic cells, and mucus line the alveoli.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
- typically gives diffuse ground glass lungs with low volumes and a bell-shaped thorax
- often tends to be bilateral and symmetrical
- air bronchograms may be evident
- hyperinflation (in a non
ventilated-ventilated patient) excludes the diagnosis - radiographs may show hyperinflation if the patient is intubated
RDS can be safely excluded if the neonate has a normal chest radiograph at six hours after birth.
If treated with surfactant thereapytherapy there may be asymmetric improvement.
Treatment and prognosis
Exogenous surfactant administration. Supportive oxygen therapy.
Complications
Acute
- persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) due to reduced oxygen stimulus
- barotrauma (from treatment)
- oxygen toxicity (from treatment)
- pulmonary haemorrhage (can also included in the differential diagnosis)
Chronic
- bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- pulmonary
interstitalinterstitial emphysema - recurrent pulmonary infection
- subglottic stenosis (from intubation)
Differential diagnosis
- congenital heart disease
- group B Strep pneumonia
- pulmonary haemorrhage
- pulmonary oedema / pulmonary venous congestion
- neonatal pneumonia
- transient tachypnea of the newborn: lung volumes are normal to slightly hyperinflated in TNN are decreased in RDS
-<p><strong>Respiratory distress syndrome</strong> (<strong>RDS</strong>) is a relatively common condition resulting from insufficient production of surfactant that occurs in preterm neonates. </p><h4>Terminology</h4><p>RDS is also known as <strong>hyaline membrane disease</strong> (not favoured as reflects non-specific histological findings), <strong>neonatal</strong> <strong>respiratory distress syndrome</strong>, <strong>lung disease of prematurity </strong>(both non-specific terms),<strong> </strong>or as some authors prefer <strong>surfactant deficiency disorder </strong><sup>2</sup>. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>The incidence is estimated at 6 per 1000 births <sup>2</sup>. </p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Respiratory distress presents in the first few hours of life in a premature baby. Symptoms include tachypnoea, expiratory grunting, nasal flaring. The infant may or may not be cyanosed. Substernal and intercostal retractions may be evident. </p><p>Risk factors include <a href="/articles/maternal-diabetes">maternal diabetes</a>, greater prematurity, prenatal asphyxia and multiple gestation.</p><p>Associated abnormalities are those that can occur in prematurity: intracranial haemorrhage, <a href="/articles/necrotising-enterocolitis-1">necrotising enterocolitis</a>, <a href="/articles/patent-ductus-arteriosus">patent ductus arteriosus</a>, delayed developmental milestones, hypothermia and hypoglycaemia.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Immature type II pneumocytes cannot produce <a href="/articles/surfactant">surfactant</a>. The lack of surfactant lowers the surface tension in alveoli causing collapse. Patients have a decreased lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio. Damaged cells, necrotic cells, and mucus line the alveoli.</p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><ul>- +<p><strong>Respiratory distress syndrome</strong> (<strong>RDS</strong>) is a relatively common condition resulting from insufficient production of surfactant that occurs in preterm neonates. </p><p>On imaging, the condition generally presents as bilateral and relatively symmetric diffuse ground glass lungs with low volumes and a bell-shaped thorax.</p><h4>Terminology</h4><p>RDS is also known as <strong>hyaline membrane disease</strong> (not favoured as reflects non-specific histological findings), <strong>neonatal</strong> <strong>respiratory distress syndrome</strong>, <strong>lung disease of prematurity </strong>(both non-specific terms),<strong> </strong>or as some authors prefer <strong>surfactant deficiency disorder </strong><sup>2</sup>. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>The incidence is estimated at 6 per 1000 births <sup>2</sup>. </p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Respiratory distress presents in the first few hours of life in a premature baby. Symptoms include tachypnoea, expiratory grunting, nasal flaring. The infant may or may not be cyanosed. Substernal and intercostal retractions may be evident. </p><p>Risk factors include <a href="/articles/maternal-diabetes">maternal diabetes</a>, greater prematurity, prenatal asphyxia and multiple gestation.</p><p>Associated abnormalities are those that can occur in prematurity: intracranial haemorrhage, <a href="/articles/necrotising-enterocolitis-1">necrotising enterocolitis</a>, <a href="/articles/patent-ductus-arteriosus">patent ductus arteriosus</a>, delayed developmental milestones, hypothermia and hypoglycaemia.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Immature type II pneumocytes cannot produce <a href="/articles/surfactant">surfactant</a>. The lack of surfactant lowers the surface tension in alveoli causing collapse. Patients have a decreased lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio. Damaged cells, necrotic cells, and mucus line the alveoli.</p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><ul>
-<li>hyperinflation (in a non ventilated patient) excludes the diagnosis</li>- +<li>hyperinflation (in a non-ventilated patient) excludes the diagnosis</li>
-</ul><p>RDS can be safely excluded if the neonate has a normal chest radiograph at six hours after birth.</p><p>If treated with surfactant thereapy there may be asymmetric improvement.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Exogenous surfactant administration. Supportive oxygen therapy.</p><h5>Complications</h5><h6>Acute</h6><ul>- +</ul><p>RDS can be safely excluded if the neonate has a normal chest radiograph at six hours after birth.</p><p>If treated with surfactant therapy there may be asymmetric improvement.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Exogenous surfactant administration. Supportive oxygen therapy.</p><h5>Complications</h5><h6>Acute</h6><ul>
-<li><a href="/articles/pulmonary-interstitial-emphysema">pulmonary interstital emphysema</a></li>- +<li><a href="/articles/pulmonary-interstitial-emphysema">pulmonary interstitial emphysema</a></li>
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