Sternum

Changed by Dylan Kurda, 20 Jul 2016

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The sternum completes the anterior chest wall as the ventral breastplate.

Gross anatomy

It has an upper manubrium, a body and the inferior xiphoid process or xiphisternum. These articulations are via a hyaline cartilage with a fibrocartilaginous interveneing disc~~. The~~:

the manubrium is flat and four sided wider superiorly~~. The~~
the body is a flat rectangular bone that has grooves on its side for articulations with the ribs~~. It~~:
- it is approximately 20 cm long ~~superior to inferiorly and 3-4cm~~
- 3-4 cm wide~~. It is~~
- 1cm thick. ~~The~~
the xiphoid process is a thin bony projection inferiorly.

Boundaries / attachmentsInferiorly

inferiorly articulates with xiphoid cartilaginous joint~~. Superiorly~~
superiorly the manubrium attaches to the neck where the two deep layers of cervical investing fascia insert.
the manubrium articulates with the first rib, clavicle, and ~~both it and~~with the body of sternum articulate with the second rib at the angle of louis~~. Body~~
the body of sternum ~~Laterally~~laterally articulates with 2^nd to 7^th rib and costal cartilage~~. The~~
the xiphisterum attaches to linea alba. ~~Muscular~~
muscular attachments: sternocleidomastoid, intercostal muscles, pectoralis major, sternohyoid, sternothyroid. Transverse thoracis arises from the posterior surface~~.Sternopericardial~~
sternopericardial ligaments secure the fibrous pericardium to it.
deep to the sternum is the internal thoracic artery and veins laterally~~.deep to that is the parietal pleura, and mediastinal fat or thymic remnant.~~~~Blood/nerve and lymphatics~~

~~Perforating~~

Blood supply

perforating branches from internal thoracic (mammary) artery and vein.

Nerve supply

nerve supply is via anterior intercostal nerves.

Lymphatics

chain of internal mammary lymph nodes.

~~Variants~~

Variant anatomy

pectus excavatum ~~- sunken chest~~
pectus carinatum ~~- pigeon chest~~

-<p>The <strong>sternum</strong> completes the anterior chest wall as the ventral breastplate.</p><h5>Gross anatomy</h5><p>It has an upper manubrium, a body and the inferior xiphoid process or xiphisternum. These articulations are via a hyaline cartilage with a fibrocartilaginous interveneing disc. The manubrium is flat and four sided wider superiorly. The body is a flat rectangular bone that has grooves on its side for articulations with the ribs. It is approximately 20 cm long superior to inferiorly and 3-4cm wide. It is 1cm thick. </p><p>The xiphoid process is a thin bony projection inferiorly.<br></p><h6>Boundaries / attachments</h6><p>Inferiorly articulates with xiphoid cartilaginous joint. Superiorly the manubrium attaches to the neck where the two deep layers of cervical investing fascia insert. the manubrium articulates with the first rib, clavicle and both it and the body of sternum articulate with the second rib at the angle of louis. Body of sternum Laterally articulates with 2<sup>nd</sup> to 7<sup>th</sup> rib and costal cartilage. The xiphisterum attaches to linea alba. </p><p>Muscular attachments: sternocleidomastoid, intercostal muscles, pectoralis major, sternohyoid, sternothyroid. Transverse thoracis arises from the posterior surface.<br>Sternopericardial ligaments secure the fibrous pericardium to it.<br><br>deep to the sternum is the internal thoracic artery and veins laterally.<br>deep to that is the parietal pleura, and mediastinal fat or thymic remnant.</p><h5>Blood/nerve and lymphatics</h5><p>Perforating branches from internal thoracic (mammary) artery and vein. <br>nerve supply is via anterior intercostal nerves.<br>chain of internal mammary lymph nodes.</p><h5>Variants</h5><ul>
+<p>The <strong>sternum</strong> completes the anterior chest wall as the ventral breastplate.</p><h4>Gross anatomy</h4><p>It has an upper manubrium, a body and the inferior xiphoid process or xiphisternum. These articulations are via a hyaline cartilage with a fibrocartilaginous interveneing disc: </p><ul>
+<li>the manubrium is flat and four sided wider superiorly</li>
+<li>the body is a flat rectangular bone that has grooves on its side for articulations with the ribs:<ul>
+<li>it is approximately 20 cm long</li>
+<li>3-4 cm wide</li>
+<li>1cm thick</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>the xiphoid process is a thin bony projection inferiorly<br>
+</li>
+</ul><h4>Boundaries / attachments</h4><ul>
+<li>inferiorly articulates with xiphoid cartilaginous joint</li>
+<li>superiorly the manubrium attaches to the neck where the two deep layers of cervical investing fascia insert</li>
+<li>the manubrium articulates with the first rib, clavicle, and with the body of sternum articulate with the second rib at the angle of louis</li>
+<li>the body of sternum laterally articulates with 2<sup>nd</sup> to 7<sup>th</sup> rib and costal cartilage</li>
+<li>the xiphisterum attaches to linea alba </li>
+<li>muscular attachments: sternocleidomastoid, intercostal muscles, pectoralis major, sternohyoid, sternothyroid. Transverse thoracis arises from the posterior surface</li>
+<li>sternopericardial ligaments secure the fibrous pericardium to it</li>
+<li>deep to the sternum is the internal thoracic artery and veins laterally</li>
+</ul><h4>Blood supply</h4><ul><li>perforating branches from <a title="Internal thoracic artery" href="/articles/internal-thoracic-artery">internal thoracic (mammary) artery</a> and vein</li></ul><h4>Nerve supply </h4><ul><li>nerve supply is via anterior intercostal nerves</li></ul><h4>Lymphatics</h4><p>chain of internal mammary lymph nodes</p><h4>Variant anatomy </h4><ul>
~~-<a title="Pectus excavatum" href="/articles/pectus-excavatum">pectus excavatum</a> - sunken chest</li>~~
+<a href="/articles/pectus-excavatum">pectus excavatum</a> </li>
~~-<a title="Pectus carinatum" href="/articles/pectus-carinatum">pectus carinatum</a> - pigeon chest</li>~~
+<a href="/articles/pectus-carinatum">pectus carinatum</a> </li>

References changed:

1. McMinn's color atlas of human anatomy. Mosby. ISBN:0723432120. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0723432120">Read it at Google Books</a> - <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0723432120">Find it at Amazon</a><span class="auto"></span>
3. Last's Anatomy. Churchill Livingstone. (2011) ISBN:0702033952. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0702033952">Read it at Google Books</a> - <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0702033952">Find it at Amazon</a><span class="ref_v3"></span>
2. Gray's Anatomy for Students: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access, 3e. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN:0702051314. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0702051314">Read it at Google Books</a> - <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0702051314">Find it at Amazon</a><span class="auto"></span>
2. McMinns Color Atlas of Human Anatomy
4. Lasts Anatomy
1. Cunninghams Manual of Practical Anatomy
3. Gray's Anatomy for Students

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