Syndactyly
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Syndactyly refers to a congenital fusion of two or more digits. It may be confined to soft tissue (soft tissue syndactyly/simple syndactyly) or may involve bone (bony syndactyly/complex syndactyly).
Epidemiology
The overall estimated incidence is at ~ 1~1 per 2500 to 5000 live births 6,8. There may be a greater male predilection.
Pathology
There is a very wide spectrum of syndactyly ranging from partial to complete.
Associations
Syndactyly can occur as an isolated phenomenon or can be associated with numerous other entities. Isolated cases can be either either sporadic or familial.
Aneuploidic syndromic
- triploidy: tend to affect the 3rd and 4th digits of the hands
Non aneuploidic syndromic
-
acrocephalosyndactylies
- type I: Apert syndrome
- type II: Crouzon syndrome
- type III: Saethre-Chotzen syndrome
- type V: Pfeiffer syndrome
-
acrocephalopolysyndactylies
- type I: Noack syndrome
- type II: Carpenter syndrome: typically gives soft tissue syndactyly
- type III: Sakati-Nyhan syndrome
- type IV: Goodman syndrome
- amniotic band syndrome 3
- Fraser syndrome/cryptopthalmos syndrome 4
- Gorlin syndrome
- Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome 5
- Macrodystrophia lipomatosa
- Pallister-Hall syndrome
- Poland syndrome
- proximal radioulnar synostoses: Cenani Lenz syndactyly
- prune belly syndrome
- Roberts syndrome
- VACTERL association
Non syndromic
- isolated polydactyly: which is then termed polysyndactyly
- isolated brachydactyly: which is then termed brachysyndactyly
- isolated ectrodactyly
:
Distribution
As a whole the 2nd and 3rd digits tend to be most frequently associated 6. May involve the toes more than fingers.
Radiographic features
Antenatal ultrasound
Often difficult to diagnose on ultrasound (especially with soft tissue syndactyly). The diagnosis may be suggest if the digits appear to contantly move together 7. The fingers may appear constantly deformed with complex syndactyly 6.
Plain film
Postnatally the type and degree of bony syndactyly can be easily diagnosed on plain film.
Prognosis
The overall prognosis can be extremely variable dependent on the presence of other associated anomalies.
EtymologyHistory and etymology
The term syndactyly is derived from the Greek words syn meaning together and daktulos meaning fingers.
See also
-<p><strong>Syndactyly</strong> refers to a congenital fusion of two or more digits. It may be confined to soft tissue (<a href="/articles/soft-tissue-syndactyly">soft tissue syndactyly</a> / <a href="/articles/simple-syndactyly">simple syndactyly</a>) or may involve bone (<a href="/articles/bony-syndactyly">bony syndactyly</a> / <a href="/articles/complex-syndactyly">complex syndactyly</a>).</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>The overall estimated incidence is at ~ 1 per 2500 to 5000 live births <sup>6,8</sup>. There may be a greater male predilection.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>There is a very wide spectrum of syndactyly ranging from partial to complete.</p><h5>Associations</h5><p>Syndactyly can occur as an isolated phenomenon or can be associated with numerous other entities. Isolated cases can be either either sporadic or familial.</p><h6>Aneuploidic syndromic</h6><ul><li>-<a href="/articles/triploidy">triploidy </a>: tend to affect the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> digits of the hands</li></ul><h6>Non aneuploidic syndromic</h6><ul>- +<p><strong>Syndactyly</strong> refers to a congenital fusion of two or more digits. It may be confined to soft tissue (<a href="/articles/soft-tissue-syndactyly">soft tissue syndactyly</a>/<a href="/articles/simple-syndactyly">simple syndactyly</a>) or may involve bone (<a href="/articles/bony-syndactyly">bony syndactyly</a>/<a href="/articles/complex-syndactyly">complex syndactyly</a>).</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>The overall estimated incidence is at ~1 per 2500 to 5000 live births <sup>6,8</sup>. There may be a greater male predilection.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>There is a very wide spectrum of syndactyly ranging from partial to complete.</p><h5>Associations</h5><p>Syndactyly can occur as an isolated phenomenon or can be associated with numerous other entities. Isolated cases can be either either sporadic or familial.</p><h6>Aneuploidic syndromic</h6><ul><li>
- +<a href="/articles/triploidy">triploidy</a>: tend to affect the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> digits of the hands</li></ul><h6>Non aneuploidic syndromic</h6><ul>
-<li>type I : <a href="/articles/apert-syndrome">Apert syndrome</a>- +<li>type I: <a href="/articles/apert-syndrome">Apert syndrome</a>
-<li>type II : <a href="/articles/crouzon-syndrome">Crouzon syndrome</a>- +<li>type II: <a href="/articles/crouzon-syndrome">Crouzon syndrome</a>
-<li>type III : <a href="/articles/saethre-chotzen-syndrome">Saethre-Chotzen syndrome</a>- +<li>type III: <a href="/articles/saethre-chotzen-syndrome">Saethre-Chotzen syndrome</a>
-<li>type V : <a href="/articles/pfeiffer-syndrome">Pfeiffer syndrome </a>- +<li>type V: <a href="/articles/pfeiffer-syndrome">Pfeiffer syndrome </a>
-<li>type I : <a href="/articles/noack-syndrome">Noack syndrome</a>- +<li>type I: <a href="/articles/noack-syndrome">Noack syndrome</a>
-<li>type II : <a href="/articles/carpenter-syndrome">Carpenter syndrome : </a>typically gives soft tissue syndactyly</li>-<li>type III : <a href="/articles/sakati-nyhan-syndrome">Sakati-Nyhan syndrome</a>- +<li>type II: <a href="/articles/carpenter-syndrome">Carpenter syndrome</a>: typically gives soft tissue syndactyly</li>
- +<li>type III: <a href="/articles/sakati-nyhan-syndrome">Sakati-Nyhan syndrome</a>
-<li>type IV : <a href="/articles/goodman-syndrome">Goodman syndrome</a>- +<li>type IV: <a href="/articles/goodman-syndrome">Goodman syndrome</a>
-<a href="/articles/fraser-syndrome">Fraser syndrome</a> / <a href="/articles/cryptopthalmos-syndrome">cryptopthalmos syndrome </a><sup>4</sup>- +<a href="/articles/fraser-syndrome">Fraser syndrome</a>/<a href="/articles/cryptopthalmos-syndrome">cryptopthalmos syndrome </a><sup>4</sup>
-<a href="/articles/proximal-radioulnar-synostoses-cenani-lenz-syndactyly">proximal radioulnar synostoses : </a><a href="/articles/cenani-lenz-syndactyly-1">Cenani Lenz syndactyly</a>- +<a href="/articles/proximal-radioulnar-synostoses-cenani-lenz-syndactyly">proximal radioulnar synostoses: </a><a href="/articles/cenani-lenz-syndactyly-1">Cenani Lenz syndactyly</a>
-<li><a href="/articles/prune_belly_syndrome">prune belly syndrome</a></li>- +<li><a href="/articles/prune-belly-syndrome">prune belly syndrome</a></li>
-<li>isolated <a href="/articles/polydactyly">polydactyly </a>: which is then termed <a href="/articles/polysyndactyly">polysyndactyly</a>- +<li>isolated <a href="/articles/polydactyly">polydactyly</a>: which is then termed <a href="/articles/polysyndactyly">polysyndactyly</a>
-<li>isolated <a href="/articles/brachydactyly">brachydactyly</a> : which is then termed <a href="/articles/brachysyndactyly">brachysyndactyly</a>- +<li>isolated <a href="/articles/brachydactyly">brachydactyly</a>: which is then termed <a href="/articles/brachysyndactyly">brachysyndactyly</a>
-<li>isolated <a href="/articles/ectrodactyly">ectrodactyly</a> :</li>-</ul><h5>Distribution</h5><p>As a whole the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd </sup>digits tend to be most frequently associated <sup>6</sup>. May involve the toes more than fingers.</p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Antenatal ultrasound</h5><p>Often difficult to diagnose on ultrasound (especially with soft tissue syndactyly). The diagnosis may be suggest if the digits appear to contantly move together <sup>7</sup>. The fingers may appear constantly deformed with complex syndactyly <sup>6</sup>.</p><h5>Plain film</h5><p>Postnatally the type and degree of bony syndactyly can be easily diagnosed on plain film.</p><h4>Prognosis</h4><p>The overall prognosis can be extremely variable dependent on the presence of other associated anomalies.</p><h4>Etymology</h4><p>The term syndactyly is derived from the Greek words <strong><em>syn</em></strong> meaning <em>together</em> and <em><strong>daktulos </strong></em>meaning <em>fingers</em>.</p><h4>See also</h4><ul><li><a href="/articles/symphalangism">symphalangism</a></li></ul>- +<li>isolated <a href="/articles/ectrodactyly">ectrodactyly</a>
- +</li>
- +</ul><h5>Distribution</h5><p>As a whole the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd </sup>digits tend to be most frequently associated <sup>6</sup>. May involve the toes more than fingers.</p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Antenatal ultrasound</h5><p>Often difficult to diagnose on ultrasound (especially with soft tissue syndactyly). The diagnosis may be suggest if the digits appear to contantly move together <sup>7</sup>. The fingers may appear constantly deformed with complex syndactyly <sup>6</sup>.</p><h5>Plain film</h5><p>Postnatally the type and degree of bony syndactyly can be easily diagnosed on plain film.</p><h4>Prognosis</h4><p>The overall prognosis can be extremely variable dependent on the presence of other associated anomalies.</p><h4>History and etymology</h4><p>The term syndactyly is derived from the Greek words <em>syn</em> meaning <em>together</em> and <em>daktulos </em>meaning <em>fingers</em>.</p><h4>See also</h4><ul><li><a href="/articles/symphalangism">symphalangism</a></li></ul>
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