Tongue
Updates to Article Attributes
The tongue is a complex, principally muscular, structure that extends from the oral cavity to the oropharynx. It has important roles in speech, swallowing and taste.
Gross anatomy
The tongue has a tip, ventral surface, dorsal surface and root. The tongue is made of a midline lingual septum and hyoglossus membrane, and multiple muscles 1,2,4. The muscles are divided into intrinsic and extrinsic muscle groups:
- intrinsic muscles of the tongue which do not have attachments outside the tongue and whose action is to alter the shape of the tongue:
- extrinsic muscles of the tongue (mnemonic) which have attachments outside the tongue and therefore their actions alter the positionof the tongue:
The tongue is divided into two parts at the level of the circumvallate papillae 1,3:
- mobile tongue: anterior two-thirds; part of the oral cavity
- includes root of tongue, which is considered separately due to its importance in oropharyngeal cancer
- base of tongue: posterior one-third; fixed; part of the oropharynx
The tongue is covered by a mucosa, which is roughened on the dorsal surface covered by filiform, fungiform and circumvallate papillae. Posteriorly, the base of the tongue contains the lingual tonsils 4.
Arterial supply
- lingual artery (principally) but also branches from the facial and ascending pharyngeal arteries 4
Venous drainage
- follows arterial supply draining to the lingual, facial and/or internal jugular veins 4
Nerve supply
- hypoglossal nerve (CN XII): intrinsic and extrinsic muscles (except palatoglossus muscle, which is supplied by the pharyngeal plexus)
-
lingual nerve
- sensory supply to the anterior two-thirds
- special sensory (taste) fibres diverge from the lingual nerve and travel with the facial nerve (CN VII) via chorda tympani
- glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX): sensory supply to posterior one-third 2
Related pathology
-</li></ul><h4>Venous drainage </h4><ul><li>follows arterial supply draining to the <a title="Lingual vein" href="/articles/lingual-vein">lingual</a>, <a title="Facial vein" href="/articles/facial-vein">facial</a> and/or <a href="/articles/internal-jugular-vein">internal jugular veins</a> <sup>4</sup>- +</li></ul><h4>Venous drainage</h4><ul><li>follows arterial supply draining to the <a href="/articles/lingual-vein">lingual</a>, <a href="/articles/facial-vein">facial</a> and/or <a href="/articles/internal-jugular-vein">internal jugular veins</a> <sup>4</sup>
-</ul><h4>Related pathology</h4><ul><li><p><a href="/articles/squamous-cell-carcinoma-tongue">squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue</a></p></li></ul>- +</ul><h4>Related pathology</h4><ul>
- +<li><a title="Ankyloglossia (tongue tie)" href="/articles/ankyloglossia-tongue-tie">ankyloglossia (tongue tie)</a></li>
- +<li><a href="/articles/squamous-cell-carcinoma-tongue">squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue</a></li>
- +</ul>