Transitional cell carcinoma (urinary bladder)

Changed by Aditya Shetty, 10 Oct 2014

Updates to Article Attributes

Body was changed:

Show markup changes

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common primary neoplasm of the urinary bladder, and bladder TCC is the most common tumour of the entire urinary system.

This article concerns itself with transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder specifically. Related articles include:

general discussion: transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract
TCCs in other locations:
- transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis
- transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter
other histologies:
- squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
- adenocarcinoma of the bladder

Epidemiology

Epidemiology of transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis are similar to those of the rest of the urinary tract: please refer to TCCs of urinary tract for further details.

Clinical presentation

Haematuria is the most common presenting complaint, which may be macroscopic or microscopic. A tumour located at the vesicoureteric junction may result in ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis, which may present with flank pain. Additionally a tumour near the ~~uretheral~~urethral orifice may result in bladder outlet obstruction and urinary retention.

Occasionally patients only present once systemic symptoms of metastatic disease are present.

Diagnosis and local tumour staging is, usually, achieved with cystoscopy and full thickness biopsy ⁴.

Pathology

As is the case elsewhere along the urinary tract, transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder fall into two broad macroscopic groups ⁴:

superficial: 70-80%
- most are papillary 70%
- high ~~grade~~-grade carcinoma in situ: 30% (see grading of TCCs)
invasive: 20-30%

Distribution

The bladder is by far the most common site of transitional cell carcinomas, 50 times more common than TCC of the renal pelvis, and 100 times more common than TCC of the ureter ¹. Bladder TCCs are the most common tumour of the entire urinary tract.

Risk factors

cyclophosphamide (chemotherapy agent) increases the risk of bladder transitional cell carcinoma with a dose-response pattern ⁸

Radiographic features

Imaging of bladder transitional cell carcinomas has a number of roles:

incidental discovery the tumour
tumour staging (see staging of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder)
- tumour staging of locally advanced masses
- evaluation of distant metastases and nodal status
surveillance

Ultrasound

Ultrasound has limited a role to play in either diagnosis or staging transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract in general.

CT

Bladder transitional cell carcinomas appear as either focal regions of thickening of the bladder wall, or as masses protruding into the bladder lumen, or in advanced cases, extending into adjacent tissues. Care should be taken in assessing bladder wall thickness as this changes with the degree of bladder distension and varies from patient to patient, e.g. patients with bladder outlet obstruction due to benign prostatic hypertrophy. In general, however, asymmetric mural thickening should be viewed with suspicion.

The masses are of soft tissue attenuation and may be encrusted with small calcifications.

Although unable to distinguish between T1, T2 and T3a (microscopic extravesical spread), CT is able to distinguish T3b tumours (stranding/nodules in perivesical fat) and T4 tumours (direct extension into adjacent structures/loss of normal fat plane) ⁴.

Care should be exercised when interpreting stranding or nodularity following transurethral resection or even biopsy, as these changes may be ~~post operative~~postoperative ⁴.

Nodal metastases are common, seen in 30% of T2 tumours and 60% of T3 and T4 tumours ⁴.

CT or conventional urography

Urography's primary role is in the assessment of the remainder of the urinary tract for transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis or ureter.

When tumours are large and of papillary morphology, contrast filling the interstices between papillary projections can lead to a dappled appearance referred to as the stipple sign ².

MRI

MRI is superior to other modalities in locally staging the tumour and is in some instances able to distinguish T1 from T2 tumours on T2 weighted image.

T1: isointense compared to muscle ⁴
T2: slightly hyperintense compared to muscle
T1 C+ (Gd): shows enhancement

PET

Unfortunately, FDG is excreted into the urine, and thus accumulates in the bladder, making it unsuitable for diagnosis of urinary tract tumours. It does have a role to play in the assessment of nodal or distant metastases.

Treatment and prognosis

Treatment is strongly influenced by tumour stage.

Superficial tumours can be treated with local transurethral resection +/- intravesical therapy. Ta tumours can be treated solely by resection. Carcinoma in situ or T1 tumour usually require both resection and intravesical therapy (bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or chemotherapy, e.g. mitomycin C) ⁶.

Invasive tumours require radical cystectomy +/- chemotherapy and/or external beam radiotherapy ⁵.

A critical part of management of patients with TCCs is an awareness of the high rate of recurrence due to field effect on the entire urothelium. Approximately 2-4% of patients with a bladder TCC will go on to develop one or more TCCs of the renal pelvis or ureter ^3-4.

Superficial tumours (which account for 70-80% of all cases) although having in themselves excellent prognosis, with almost no risk of metastases, have a predilection for recurrence (70% recur within 3 years) and these recurrences are more likely to be invasive. This is especially the case with carcinoma in situ ⁴.

Invasive tumours on the other hand, have poorer prognosis demonstrating both local invasion of perivesical tissues, lymphatic spread to local nodes and eventual ~~haematogeneous~~haematogenous metastases ⁴.

Overall bladder transitional cell carcinomas have a 5-year survival of 82%, contributed mainly by the large proportion of superficial tumours (5-year survival of 94%). Patients with metastatic disease in contrast, have poor prognosis (5-year survival of 6%) ⁴.

Differential diagnosis

General imaging differential considerations include:

~~-<li>TCCs in other locations<ul>~~
+<li>TCCs in other locations:<ul>
~~-<li>other histologies<ul>~~
+<li>other histologies:<ul>
-</ul><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Epidemiology of transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis are similar to those of the rest of the urinary tract : please refer to <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-urinary-tract">TCCs of urinary tract</a> for further details.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Haematuria is the most common presenting complaint, which may be macroscopic or microscopic. A tumour located at the vesicoureteric junction may result in ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis, which may present with flank pain. Additionally a tumour near the uretheral orifice may result in bladder outlet obstruction and urinary retention.</p><p>Occasionally patients only present once systemic symptoms of metastatic disease are present.</p><p>Diagnosis and local tumour staging is usually achieved with cystoscopy and full thickness biopsy <sup>4</sup>.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>As is the case elsewhere along the urinary tract, transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder fall into two broad macroscopic groups <sup>4</sup>:</p><ul>
+</ul><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Epidemiology of transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis are similar to those of the rest of the urinary tract: please refer to <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-urinary-tract">TCCs of urinary tract</a> for further details.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Haematuria is the most common presenting complaint, which may be macroscopic or microscopic. A tumour located at the vesicoureteric junction may result in ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis, which may present with flank pain. Additionally a tumour near the urethral orifice may result in bladder outlet obstruction and urinary retention.</p><p>Occasionally patients only present once systemic symptoms of metastatic disease are present.</p><p>Diagnosis and local tumour staging is, usually, achieved with cystoscopy and full thickness biopsy <sup>4</sup>.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>As is the case elsewhere along the urinary tract, transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder fall into two broad macroscopic groups <sup>4</sup>:</p><ul>
~~-<li>high grade carcinoma in situ: 30% (see <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-grading">grading of TCCs</a>)</li>~~
+<li>high-grade carcinoma in situ: 30% (see <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-grading">grading of TCCs</a>)</li>
-</ul><h5>Distribution</h5><p>The bladder is by far the most common site of transitional cell carcinomas, 50 times more common than <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-renal-pelvis">TCC of the renal pelvis</a>, and 100 times more common than <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-ureter">TCC of the ureter</a> <sup>1</sup>. Bladder TCCs are the most common tumour of the entire <a href="/articles/urinary-tract">urinary tract</a>.</p><h5>Risk factors</h5><ul><li>cyclophosphamide (chemotherapy agent) increases risk of bladder transitional cell carcinoma with a dose-response pattern <sup>8</sup>
+</ul><h5>Distribution</h5><p>The bladder is by far the most common site of transitional cell carcinomas, 50 times more common than <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-renal-pelvis">TCC of the renal pelvis</a>, and 100 times more common than <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-ureter">TCC of the ureter</a> <sup>1</sup>. Bladder TCCs are the most common tumour of the entire <a href="/articles/urinary-tract">urinary tract</a>.</p><h5>Risk factors</h5><ul><li>cyclophosphamide (chemotherapy agent) increases the risk of bladder transitional cell carcinoma with a dose-response pattern <sup>8</sup>
-</ul><h5>Ultrasound</h5><p>Ultrasound has limited role to play in either diagnosis or staging transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract in general.</p><h5>CT</h5><p>Bladder transitional cell carcinomas appear as either focal regions of thickening of the bladder wall, or as masses protruding into the bladder lumen, or in advanced cases, extending into adjacent tissues. Care should be taken in assessing bladder wall thickness as this changes with the degree of bladder distension and varies from patient to patient, e.g. patients with bladder outlet obstruction due to <a href="/articles/benign-prostatic-hypertrophy">benign prostatic hypertrophy</a>. In general however, asymmetric mural thickening should be viewed with suspicion.</p><p>The masses are of soft tissue attenuation and may be encrusted with small calcifications.</p><p>Although unable to distinguish between T1, T2 and T3a (microscopic extravesical spread), CT is able to distinguish T3b tumours (stranding/nodules in perivesical fat) and T4 tumours (direct extension into adjacent structures/loss of normal fat plane) <sup>4</sup>.</p><p>Care should be exercised when interpreting stranding or nodularity following transurethral resection or even biopsy, as these changes may be post operative <sup>4</sup>.</p><p>Nodal metastases are common, seen in 30% of T2 tumours and 60% of T3 and T4 tumours <sup>4</sup>.</p><h5>CT or conventional urography</h5><p>Urography's primary role is in assessment of the remainder of the urinary tract for <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-renal-pelvis">transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis</a> or <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-ureter">ureter</a>.</p><p>When tumours are large and of papillary morphology, contrast filling the interstices between papillary projections can lead to a dappled appearance referred to as the <a href="/articles/stipple-sign">stipple sign</a> <sup>2</sup>.</p><h5>MRI</h5><p>MRI is superior to other modalities in locally staging the tumour and is in some instances able to distinguish T1 from T2 tumours on T2 weighted image.</p><ul>
+</ul><h5>Ultrasound</h5><p>Ultrasound has limited a role to play in either diagnosis or staging transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract in general.</p><h5>CT</h5><p>Bladder transitional cell carcinomas appear as either focal regions of thickening of the bladder wall, or as masses protruding into the bladder lumen, or in advanced cases, extending into adjacent tissues. Care should be taken in assessing bladder wall thickness as this changes with the degree of bladder distension and varies from patient to patient, e.g. patients with bladder outlet obstruction due to <a href="/articles/benign-prostatic-hypertrophy">benign prostatic hypertrophy</a>. In general, however, asymmetric mural thickening should be viewed with suspicion.</p><p>The masses are of soft tissue attenuation and may be encrusted with small calcifications.</p><p>Although unable to distinguish between T1, T2 and T3a (microscopic extravesical spread), CT is able to distinguish T3b tumours (stranding/nodules in perivesical fat) and T4 tumours (direct extension into adjacent structures/loss of normal fat plane) <sup>4</sup>.</p><p>Care should be exercised when interpreting stranding or nodularity following transurethral resection or even biopsy, as these changes may be postoperative <sup>4</sup>.</p><p>Nodal metastases are common, seen in 30% of T2 tumours and 60% of T3 and T4 tumours <sup>4</sup>.</p><h5>CT or conventional urography</h5><p>Urography's primary role is in the assessment of the remainder of the urinary tract for <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-renal-pelvis">transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis</a> or <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-ureter">ureter</a>.</p><p>When tumours are large and of papillary morphology, contrast filling the interstices between papillary projections can lead to a dappled appearance referred to as the <a href="/articles/stipple-sign">stipple sign</a> <sup>2</sup>.</p><h5>MRI</h5><p>MRI is superior to other modalities in locally staging the tumour and is in some instances able to distinguish T1 from T2 tumours on T2 weighted image.</p><ul>
-</ul><h5>PET</h5><p>Unfortunately FDG is excreted into the urine, and thus accumulates in the bladder, making it unsuitable for diagnosis of urinary tract tumours. It does have a role to play in the assessment of nodal or distant metastases.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Treatment is strongly influenced by tumour stage.</p><p>Superficial tumours can be treated with local transurethral resection +/- intravesical therapy. <a href="/articles/staging-of-bladder-cancer">Ta</a> tumours can be treated solely by resection. Carcinoma in situ or <a href="/articles/staging-of-bladder-cancer">T1</a> tumour usually require both resection and intravesical therapy (bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or chemotherapy, e.g. mitomycin C) <sup>6</sup>.</p><p>Invasive tumours require radical cystectomy +/- chemotherapy and/or external beam radiotherapy <sup>5</sup>.</p><p>A critical part of management of patients with TCCs is an awareness of the high rate of recurrence due to field effect on the entire urothelium. Approximately 2-4% of patients with a bladder TCC will go on to develop one or more <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-renal-pelvis">TCCs of the renal pelvis</a> or ureter <sup>3-4</sup>.</p><p>Superficial tumours (which account for 70-80% of all cases) although having in themselves excellent prognosis, with almost no risk of metastases, have a predilection for recurrence (70% recur within 3 years) and these recurrences are more likely to be invasive. This is especially the case with carcinoma in situ <sup>4</sup>.</p><p>Invasive tumours on the other hand, have poorer prognosis demonstrating both local invasion of perivesical tissues, lymphatic spread to local nodes and eventual haematogeneous metastases <sup>4</sup>.</p><p>Overall bladder transitional cell carcinomas have a 5-year survival of 82%, contributed mainly by the large proportion of superficial tumours (5-year survival of 94%). Patients with metastatic disease in contrast, have poor prognosis (5-year survival of 6%) <sup>4</sup>.</p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>General imaging differential considerations include:</p><ul>
+</ul><h5>PET</h5><p>Unfortunately, FDG is excreted into the urine and thus accumulates in the bladder, making it unsuitable for diagnosis of urinary tract tumours. It does have a role to play in the assessment of nodal or distant metastases.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Treatment is strongly influenced by tumour stage.</p><p>Superficial tumours can be treated with local transurethral resection +/- intravesical therapy. <a href="/articles/staging-of-bladder-cancer">Ta</a> tumours can be treated solely by resection. Carcinoma in situ or <a href="/articles/staging-of-bladder-cancer">T1</a> tumour usually require both resection and intravesical therapy (bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or chemotherapy, e.g. mitomycin C) <sup>6</sup>.</p><p>Invasive tumours require radical cystectomy +/- chemotherapy and/or external beam radiotherapy <sup>5</sup>.</p><p>A critical part of management of patients with TCCs is an awareness of the high rate of recurrence due to field effect on the entire urothelium. Approximately 2-4% of patients with a bladder TCC will go on to develop one or more <a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-renal-pelvis">TCCs of the renal pelvis</a> or ureter <sup>3-4</sup>.</p><p>Superficial tumours (which account for 70-80% of all cases) although having in themselves excellent prognosis, with almost no risk of metastases, have a predilection for recurrence (70% recur within 3 years) and these recurrences are more likely to be invasive. This is especially the case with carcinoma in situ <sup>4</sup>.</p><p>Invasive tumours on the other hand, have poorer prognosis demonstrating both local invasion of perivesical tissues, lymphatic spread to local nodes and eventual haematogenous metastases <sup>4</sup>.</p><p>Overall bladder transitional cell carcinomas have a 5-year survival of 82%, contributed mainly by the large proportion of superficial tumours (5-year survival of 94%). Patients with metastatic disease in contrast have poor prognosis (5-year survival of 6%) <sup>4</sup>.</p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>General imaging differential considerations include:</p><ul>
~~-<a href="/articles/benign-prostatic-hypertrophy">benign prostatic hypertrophy</a> / <a href="/articles/prostatic-carcinoma-1">prostate cancer </a>~~
+<a href="/articles/benign-prostatic-hypertrophy">benign prostatic hypertrophy</a>/<a href="/articles/prostatic-carcinoma-1">prostate cancer </a>

ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads

{"current_user":null,"inclusions":[{"imageId":53777240,"studyId":98900,"caseSlug":"multifocal-transitional-cell-carcinoma-of-the-bladder","caption":"Case 1: MRI","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/53777240/607_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":52775007,"studyId":90965,"caseSlug":"multifocal-papillary-bladder-tumors","caption":"Case 2: multifocal papillary","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/52775007/03195e19da31d1455b71b5b42cdd3a_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":54076221,"studyId":100698,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-transitional-cell-carcinoma","caption":"Case 3","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/54076221/110065_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":54172272,"studyId":101455,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-cancer-5","caption":"Case 4","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/54172272/110393_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":54271607,"studyId":102156,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-cancer-on-cystography","caption":"Case 5: cystography","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/54271607/22_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":54310596,"studyId":102458,"caseSlug":"multifocal-urothelial-cell-carcinoma","caption":"Case 6","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/54310596/220389_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":54389395,"studyId":102999,"caseSlug":"multicentric-transitional-cell-carcinoma","caption":"Case 7","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/54389395/110062_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":54461133,"studyId":103396,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-cancer-with-extension-to-adjacent-diverticulum","caption":"Case 8: with extension to adjacent diverticulum","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/54461133/330529_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":54580156,"studyId":103985,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-cancer-9","caption":"Case 9","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/54580156/220369_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":54627706,"studyId":104205,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-cancer-10","caption":"Case 10","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/54627706/330313_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":54877954,"studyId":105613,"caseSlug":"transitional-carcinoma-of-the-bladder-2","caption":"Case 11","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/54877954/220377_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":55252418,"studyId":107880,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-cancer-12","caption":"Case 12","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/55252418/440441_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":55253362,"studyId":107884,"caseSlug":"metastatic-urinary-bladder-cancer","caption":"Case 13","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/55253362/220465_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":55401887,"studyId":108646,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-cancer-14","caption":"Case 14","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/55401887/110074_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":55422402,"studyId":108761,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-cancer-15","caption":"Case 15","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/55422402/220281_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":55418031,"studyId":108719,"caseSlug":"locally-invasive-urinary-bladder-cancer-1","caption":"Case 16: locally invasive","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/55418031/110082_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":55430331,"studyId":108829,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-cancer-17","caption":"Case 17","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/55430331/330409_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":55942287,"studyId":111375,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-cancer-25","caption":"Case 18","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/55942287/440409_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":56481395,"studyId":114448,"caseSlug":"transitional-cell-carcinoma-bladder-6","caption":"Case 19","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/56481395/IMG-0011-00431_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":55654431,"studyId":109908,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-cancer-18","caption":"Case 20","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/55654431/330341_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":56384708,"studyId":113967,"caseSlug":"urinary-bladder-cancer-24","caption":"Case 21","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/56384708/220353_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":56932086,"studyId":116253,"caseSlug":"urothelial-cell-carcinoma-urinary-bladder-2","caption":"Case 22","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/56932086/68._big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":61160333,"studyId":132253,"caseSlug":"urothelial-cell-carcinoma-urinary-bladder-4","caption":"Case 23","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/61160333/2b9f39f643c5e7c7aa029969fb865f4b6601d7749d79ca64d5313ebc9592675d_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":62310339,"studyId":136498,"caseSlug":"multifocal-urothelial-cell-carcinoma-of-the-bladder-1","caption":"Case 24","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/62310339/3d0cd861afc849da1285f2be0d16b20515c407bc3e5a0cf5a1d04cd2286d75d9_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":63117270,"studyId":139907,"caseSlug":"bladder-cancer-4","caption":"Case 25: ultrasound","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/63117270/60bf8e2f314521e172bda1b7833a58ba99abe68346d326fa45e138e5e05e7229_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":64437871,"studyId":145353,"caseSlug":"urothelial-cell-carcinoma-of-the-urinary-bladder-1","caption":"Case 26","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/64437871/dac462787bcfdd5d12c2f2fee38a3bab0afff9915b2c6a6c650de1d6de638214_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"}],"ddx_inclusions":[{"imageId":476666,"studyId":10481,"caseSlug":"leiomyoma-of-the-bladder","caption":"Leiomyoma of bladder","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/476666/bbc5f59315e0f45991439064de0f87_big_gallery.jpg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":53710654,"studyId":97706,"caseSlug":"locally-advanced-sigmoid-colon-adenocarcinoma","caption":"Local invasion of sigmoid colon cancer","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/53710654/110065_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"}],"lang":"us"}