Triphalangeal thumb

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A triphalangeal thumb ~~can~~ is considered a form of pre-axial polydactyly.

Epidemiology

Triphalangeal thumbs have ~~many~~an incidence of 1 in 25,000 ⁷.

Pathology

A triphalangeal thumb, as the name implies, has three phalanges instead of the usual two. There is an autosomal dominant genetic transmission ⁸.

Associations

There is a long list of associations~~. They include~~ ^1-6:

Aase syndrome
Diamond-Blackfan syndrome
DOOR syndrome
Duane-radial syndrome ~~(DR syndrome)~~
Fanconi anemia (pancytopenia-dysmelia syndrome)
fetal hydantoin syndrome (Dilantin embryopathy)
Goodman syndrome
Holt-Oram syndrome
hypomelanosis of Ito
IVIC syndrome
Juberg-Hayward syndrome
Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome (LADD syndrome~~) (Levy~~ / Levy-Hollister syndrome)
mesomelic dysplasia (Werner type)
Nager syndrome
normal variant: isolated anomaly
Poland syndrome (pectoral muscle aplasia-syndactyly)
thalidomide embryopathy
Townes-Brocks syndrome
trichorhinophalangeal dysplasia type II (Langer Giedion syndrome)
trisomy 13
trisomy 22
VATER association

~~-<p>A <strong>triphalangeal thumb</strong> can have many associations. They include :</p><ul>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/aase-syndrome" title="Aase syndrome">Aase syndrome</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/diamond-blackfan-syndrome" title="Diamond-Blackfan syndrome">Diamond-Blackfan syndrome</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/door-syndrome" title="DOOR syndrome">DOOR syndrome</a></li>~~
~~-<li>~~
~~-<a href="/articles/duane-radial-syndrome" title="Duane-radial syndrome">Duane-radial syndrome</a> (DR syndrome)</li>~~
~~-<li>~~
~~-<a href="/articles/fanconi-anemia" title="Fanconi anemia">Fanconi anemia</a> (pancytopenia-dysmelia syndrome)</li>~~
~~-<li>~~
~~-<a href="/articles/fetal-hydantoin-syndrome" title="fetal hydantoin syndrome">fetal hydantoin syndrome</a> (Dilantin embryopathy)</li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/goodman-syndrome" title="Goodman syndrome">Goodman syndrome</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/holt-oram-syndrome-1" title="Holt-Oram syndrome">Holt-Oram syndrome</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/hypomelanosis-of-ito" title="hypomelanosis of Ito">hypomelanosis of Ito</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/ivic-syndrome" title="IVIC syndrome">IVIC syndrome</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/juberg-hayward-syndrome" title="Juberg-Hayward syndrome">Juberg-Hayward syndrome</a></li>~~
~~-<li>~~
~~-<a href="/articles/lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital-syndrome" title="Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome">Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome</a> (LADD syndrome) (Levy-Hollister syndrome)</li>~~
~~-<li>~~
~~-<a href="/articles/mesomelic-dysplasia" title="mesomelic dysplasia">mesomelic dysplasia</a> (Werner type)</li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/nager-syndrome" title="Nager syndrome">Nager syndrome</a></li>~~
~~-<li>~~
~~-<strong>normal variant </strong>: isolated anomaly</li>~~
~~-<li>~~
~~-<a href="/articles/poland-syndrome" title="Poland syndrome">Poland syndrome</a> (pectoral muscle aplasia-syndactyly)</li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/thalidomide-embryopathy" title="thalidomide embryopathy">thalidomide embryopathy</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/townes-brocks-syndrome" title="Townes-Brocks syndrome">Townes-Brocks syndrome</a></li>~~
~~-<li>~~
-<a href="/articles/langer-giedion-syndrome" title="Trichorhinophanageal syndrome type II">trichorhinophalangeal dysplasia type II </a>(<a href="/articles/langer-giedion-syndrome" title="Langer Giedion syndrome">Langer Giedion syndrome</a>)</li>
~~-<li><a href="/articles/patau-syndrome" title="Trisomy 13">trisomy 13</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/trisomy-22" title="trisomy 22">trisomy 22</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/vater" title="VATER syndrome">VATER association</a></li>~~
+<p>A <strong>triphalangeal thumb</strong> is considered a form of pre-axial <a title="Polydactyly" href="/articles/polydactyly">polydactyly</a>.</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Triphalangeal thumbs have an incidence of 1 in 25,000 <sup>7</sup>. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>A triphalangeal thumb, as the name implies, has three <a title="phalanges" href="/articles/phalanges">phalanges</a> instead of the usual two. There is an autosomal dominant genetic transmission <sup>8</sup>. </p><h5>Associations</h5><p>There is a long list of associations <sup>1-6</sup>: </p><ul>
+<li><a href="/articles/aase-syndrome">Aase syndrome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/diamond-blackfan-syndrome">Diamond-Blackfan syndrome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/door-syndrome">DOOR syndrome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/duane-radial-syndrome">Duane-radial syndrome</a></li>
+<li>
+<a href="/articles/fanconi-anemia">Fanconi anemia</a> (pancytopenia-dysmelia syndrome)</li>
+<li>
+<a href="/articles/fetal-hydantoin-syndrome">fetal hydantoin syndrome</a> (Dilantin embryopathy)</li>
+<li><a href="/articles/goodman-syndrome">Goodman syndrome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/holt-oram-syndrome-3">Holt-Oram syndrome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/hypomelanosis-of-ito-1">hypomelanosis of Ito</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/ivic-syndrome">IVIC syndrome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/juberg-hayward-syndrome">Juberg-Hayward syndrome</a></li>
+<li>
+<a href="/articles/lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital-syndrome">Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome</a> (LADD syndrome / Levy-Hollister syndrome)</li>
+<li>
+<a href="/articles/mesomelic-dysplasia">mesomelic dysplasia</a> (Werner type)</li>
+<li><a href="/articles/nager-syndrome">Nager syndrome</a></li>
+<li>normal variant: isolated anomaly</li>
+<li>
+<a href="/articles/poland-syndrome">Poland syndrome</a> (pectoral muscle aplasia-syndactyly)</li>
+<li><a href="/articles/thalidomide-embryopathy">thalidomide embryopathy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/townes-brocks-syndrome">Townes-Brocks syndrome</a></li>
+<li>
+<a href="/articles/langer-giedion-syndrome">trichorhinophalangeal dysplasia type II </a>(<a href="/articles/langer-giedion-syndrome">Langer Giedion syndrome</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/articles/patau-syndrome">trisomy 13</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/trisomy-22">trisomy 22</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/vater">VATER association</a></li>

References changed:

7. Ozturk M, Gönüllü E, Oreroğlu A, Usçetin I, Basat S, Akan I. Triphalangeal Thumb with Polydactyly: An Alternative Surgical Method. J Hand Microsurg. 2013;5(1):20-3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12593-012-0084-9">doi:10.1007/s12593-012-0084-9</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24426666">Pubmed</a>
8. Stefan Mundlos, Denise Horn. Limb Malformations: An Atlas of Genetic Disorders of Limb Development. (2016) ISBN: 3662501368 - <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3662501368">Google Books</a>

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