Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,877 results found
Article
Mastectomy
Mastectomy is a surgical treatment for breast cancer in which the entire breast tissue is removed through a surgical procedure. Sometimes adjacent structures such as lymph nodes are removed to prevent recurrence or metastasis of the disease process. In some cases, mastectomy is done for the prev...
Article
Kartagener syndrome
Kartagener syndrome (also known as Kartagener-Afzelius syndrome) is a subset of primary ciliary dyskinesia, an autosomal recessive condition characterized by abnormal ciliary structure or function, leading to impaired mucociliary clearance.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of primary ciliary dyski...
Article
Telecanthus
Telecanthus (rare plural: telecanthi) represents an increased distance between the medial canthi. This is not to be confused with hypertelorism, which refers to an abnormally increased interpupillary distance.
Telecanthus can occur in isolation with a normal interpupillary distance (such as a c...
Article
Empty sella
An empty sella, also known as an empty pituitary fossa, refers to the appearance of the sella turcica when the pituitary gland appears shrunken or invisible and CSF fills the space instead. It is commonly an incidental finding of no clinical significance, but there exists a well-established asso...
Article
Blepharophimosis
Blepharophimosis is a dysplasia of the eyelids characterized by horizontal shortening of the palpebral fissure. It is often associated with ptosis or telecanthus 2.
Blepharophimosis is a feature of Dubowitz syndrome and Smith Lemli Opitz syndrome.
Blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inve...
Article
Robinow syndrome
Robinow syndrome is a rare heterogeneous genetic disorder with at least two distinct forms.
Terminology
Fetal face syndrome and Robinow-Silverman syndrome are the other synonyms for this genetic disorder. Formerly it was known as costovertebral segmentation defect with mesomelia 8.
Epidemiolo...
Article
Waardenburg syndrome
Waardenburg syndrome is a rare neurocristopathy, with congenital pigmentary disorder secondary to an abnormal distribution of neural crest-derived melanocytes during embryogenesis resulting in patchy areas of depigmentation. It is considered in the investigation of congenital sensorineural deafn...
Article
Lipomyelomeningocele
Lipomyelomeningoceles are one of the forms of closed spinal dysraphism. They usually present as a subcutaneous fatty mass just above the intergluteal cleft. However, some lipomyelomeningoceles may occur at other locations along the spinal canal.
Clinical presentation
Lipomyelomeningoceles may ...
Article
Hypervascular liver lesions
Hypervascular liver lesions are findings that enhance more or similarly to the background hepatic parenchyma in the late arterial phase, on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI.
Differential diagnosis
Non-neoplastic
focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)
bright arterial phase enhancement except central scar...
Article
Acromioclavicular joint injury
Acromioclavicular joint injuries, commonly shortened to ACJ injuries, are characterized by damage to the acromioclavicular joint and surrounding structures. Almost invariably traumatic in etiology, they range in severity from a mild sprain to complete disruption.
Epidemiology
Acromioclavicular...
Article
Bone marrow edema
Bone marrow edema is the term given to abnormal fluid signals seen within the bone marrow on MRI. It is a non-specific yet important imaging finding, usually indicating the presence of underlying pathology.
Terminology
The term edema was coined on MRI as the signal in abnormal bone marrow is s...
Article
Ethmoid mucocele
An ethmoid mucocele is a form of paranasal sinus mucocele involving the ethmoid air cells. Depending on its anterior and/or posterior location, they can also include nasoethmoid and sphenoethmoid mucoceles. Ethmoid mucoceles are considered the second most common in location 2.
Clinical presenta...
Article
Medical devices in the head and neck
Medical devices in the head and neck are regularly seen by radiologists on plain film, CT and MRI. They include devices which pass through the neck into the chest and stomach or ascend to/into the head.
Vascular access devices
dialysis catheters
peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC)
...
Article
Unilateral hypertransradiant hemithorax
Unilateral hypertransradiancy is the correct term for the chest radiograph appearance of decreased attenuation affecting one lung. Hyperlucency is a commonly used alternative but is inaccurate; the chest is not penetrated by light!
An outside-in approach is helpful to identify the cause:
techn...
Article
Rheumatoid arthritis (musculoskeletal manifestations)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multisystem disease with predominant musculoskeletal manifestations. It is a disease that primarily affects synovial tissues, i.e. synovial joints, tendons, and bursae.
Refer to the related articles for a general discussion of rheumatoid arthritis and for ...
Article
Chondrocalcinosis
Chondrocalcinosis (plural: chondrocalcinoses) is a descriptive term indicating the presence of gross calcium deposition within articular cartilage, i.e. both hyaline and fibrocartilage.
Terminology
Chondrocalcinosis articularis was an early term for calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition d...
Article
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition (CPPD) disease, also known as pyrophosphate arthropathy or pseudogout, is defined by the co-occurrence of arthritis with evidence of CPPD deposition within the articular cartilage.
Terminology
The terminology regarding CPPD disease has been confusing...
Article
Splenic abscess
Splenic abscesses, like abscesses elsewhere, are localized collections of necrotic inflammatory tissue caused by bacteria, parasites or fungi. They uncommonly affect the spleen due to its efficient reticuloendothelial system phagocytic activity and, consequently, are more likely seen in immunosu...
Article
Hepatic and splenic tuberculosis
Hepatic and splenic tuberculosis refers to tuberculosis affecting the liver and the spleen. It generally occurs due to hematogenous spread from the primary site of infection, commonly from pulmonary tuberculosis.
Pathology
Two types of lesions are known:
micronodular (common)
macronodular (r...
Article
HIV-associated nephropathy
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is commonly seen in patients with HIV/AIDS and leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The diagnosis is not imaging-based and must be confirmed by renal biopsy.
Epidemiology
HIVAN is seen in patients at advanced stages of HIV and AIDS, but it can also be see...
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