Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
105 results found
Article
Prostate cancer (staging)
Prostate cancer staging takes into account a TNM staging system (primary site, nodal and distant metastases), pretreatment PSA and histological grading. The Gleason score is used to determine the Grade Group.
A superseded staging system is the Whitmore-Jewett staging system.
Additionally, the...
Article
Cholangiocarcinoma (staging)
Cholangiocarcinoma staging is most commonly classified using the TNM staging systems of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), which starting 1 January 2018 is according to its 8th edition. There are separate systems depending on whether the ...
Article
Catterall classification of Perthes disease
The Catterall classification of Perthes disease is based on radiographic appearances of the epiphysis and metaphysis visible in osteonecrosis of the femoral head:
stage I
bone absorption changes visible in the anterior aspect of the epiphysis of femoral head
changes are visible best in frog l...
Article
Salter-Thompson classification of Perthes disease
The Salter-Thompson classification of Perthes disease simplifies the Catterall classification into two groups. Based on the radiographic crescent sign, we can distinguish:
group A: including Catteral groups I and II, where the crescent sign involves less than 50% of the femoral head
group B: i...
Article
Lymphoma (staging)
Many lymphoma staging systems for both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma have been developed.
The most widely used currently is the Lugano staging classification, which also separately defines criteria for response to treatment assessed by PET-CT or by CT alone. Patients having undergon...
Article
Differentiated thyroid cancer (staging)
Differentiated thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committ...
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (staging)
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis arises most commonly at the distal end of the penile urethra with local invasion of the glans.
In addition to TNM classification, the following staging is used:
Staging
stage I: confined to the glans or foreskin
stage II: invasion of penile shaft
stage I...
Article
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (staging)
Anaplastic thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid carcinomas are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for st...
Article
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (TNM staging)
Below is the eighth edition of the TNM staging system for malignant pleural mesothelioma, which was published in 2018 1.
T - Tumor
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
T1
involving ipsilateral parietal pleura (inc. mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura) +/- v...
Article
Melanoma (staging)
Melanoma cancer staging refers to TNM classification of primary cutaneous melanoma. The system does not apply to the primary non-cutaneous melanomas. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), which has been used for staging ...
Article
Medullary thyroid cancer (staging)
Medullary thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of medullary thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas have similar TNM category definitions but different prognostic stage group definitions. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published...
Article
Laryngeal carcinoma (staging)
Laryngeal carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas involving the supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic larynx. The vast majority of applicable cases are squamous cell carcinomas, but other epithelial tumors are also included. The following article reflects the 8th edition published ...
Article
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (staging)
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma staging is conducted most commonly in accordance with the TNM staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). As of 2018, the staging criteria are in their 8th edition and reflected below 1. Th...
Article
Neuroblastoma (image-defined risk factors)
Image-defined risk factors are imaging features seen at the time of neuroblastoma diagnosis that confer a poorer prognosis. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) suggested an update (2009) to the neuroblastoma staging with a list of features that, if present, upstages a patient with ...
Article
Major salivary gland cancer (staging)
Major salivary gland cancer staging refers to TNM staging of malignant tumors of the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands). In contrast, tumors arising from minor salivary glands are staged according to their site of origin. The following article reflects the 8th ...
Article
Oral cavity carcinoma (staging)
Oral cavity carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas involving the oral cavity. The vast majority of applicable cases are squamous cell carcinomas, but other epithelial and minor salivary gland cancers are also included. The following article reflects the 8th edition published by th...
Article
Levene index
The Levene index or ventricular index is a marker of ventricular size in infants. It is defined as the distance between the falx and the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle in the coronal plane 1.
Usage
The Levene index is a marker of ventricular volume and thus can be...
Article
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction squamous cell carcinoma (staging)
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction squamous cell carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of squamous cell carcinoma originating in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the gastric cardia).
Related histologies included in th...
Article
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (staging)
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of adenocarcinoma originating in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the gastric cardia).
Related histologies included in this system are high...
Article
Rectal cancer response assessment
Assessment of rectal cancer response to therapy, which may be chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination, relies on the synthesis of clinical, endoscopic and radiologic evaluation.
The purpose of neoadjuvant therapy is to downstage the tumor, to facilitate surgical resection, and reduce loca...
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