Items tagged “refs”
2,968 results found
Article
Intercritical gout
Intercritical gout is the asymptomatic stage between attacks of acute gouty arthritis.
Clinical presentation
During the asymptomatic phase, the joints may be non-tender and without erythema or swelling. Patients can experience multiple gout attacks with asymptomatic periods of several months i...
Article
In situ spinal fusion
In situ spinal fusion is, as the name suggests, where fusion is performed without a change in alignment. It is a technique used to treat:
isthmic spondylolisthesis 1
osteogenesis imperfecta 2
Article
Spinal instability (overview)
Spinal instability is a broad term with no generally agreed-upon definition but can be thought of the potential for or actual abnormal segmental spinal motion.
Terminology
Spinal microinstability refers to abnormal segmental movement without bony changes 1.
Pathology
Spinal instability is ...
Article
Anterior instrumentation and fusion (scoliosis)
Anterior instrumentation and fusion is a surgical procedure used in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to correct vertebral curvature. This technique is preferred to posterior instrumentation and fusion in skeletally immature patients with a Lenke 5C thoracolumbar or lumbar adolescent...
Article
Ram's horn sign
The Ram's horn sign, also known as the Shofar sign, is the tubular, conical appearance of the stomach antrum seen on a barium meal. The stomach is less distensible and the curved conical appearance resembles the horn of a ram.
This is seen in granulomatous disease, typically Crohn disease, but ...
Article
Scapula method
The scapula method is used to assess posterior humeral head subluxation in patients with glenohumeral osteoarthritis as part of the work-up for shoulder arthroplasty.
Method
First, the scapular axis (medial border of the scapular body to center of the glenoid) is drawn on an axial image that ...
Article
Crural fascia
The crural fascia or deep fascia of the lower leg is a thick connective tissue fascia that invests the muscles of the lower leg and divides them into the four compartments of the lower leg 1,2:
anterior compartment
lateral or peroneal compartment
deep posterior compartment
superficial poster...
Article
Axial spondyloarthritis
Axial spondyloarthrititis (SpA) is a clinical subset of the seronegative spondyloarthritides that present primarily with back pain and morning stiffness. There is a long delay, on average 14 years, between symptoms onset and diagnosis 1.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of axial SpA is ~1% 1. Age o...
Article
Subseptate uterus
A subseptate uterus is a mild form congenital uterine anomaly (often considered as a normal variant) where there is a presence of a partial septum within the uterus not extending to the cervix and with the central point of the septum at an acute (<90°) angle. The external uterine contour is unif...
Article
Pulmonary zygomycosis
Pulmonary zygomycosis was previously used term for an umbrella of pulmonary fungal species causing pulmonary fungal infection, which has been superseded by terms such as pulmonary mucormycosis. Previously, some publications have used two terms synonymously.
Article
Interstitial cells of Cajal
The interstitial cells of Cajal are mesenchymal cells closely apposed to neural and smooth muscle cells of the gut. They form a heterogeneous group with differing ultrastructure and functions.
One cell type has an ancillary neural function as a gastrointestinal pacemaker, generating electrical ...
Article
Tibial shaft fracture
Tibial shaft fractures are the most common long bone fractures and the second most common type of open fractures (second only to open phalanx fractures) 1.
Pathology
Mechanism
Typically involve high-energy mechanisms such as road traffic accidents (incidence 43%) or sports 1. These are usua...
Article
Osteomeniscal impact edema
Osteomeniscal impact edema (OMIE) refers to a bone marrow edema pattern in the knee adjacent to a displaced meniscal flap tear.
Clinical presentation
Patients can present with focal medial knee pain.
Pathology
This occurs secondary to a displaced meniscal flap tear with peripheral, focal ede...
Article
Kemp test
The Kemp test (also known as the quadrant test and extension-rotation test) is a provocative test on clinical examination that has been described as being useful for diagnosing pain related to facet joint pathology, e.g. arthropathy but is of limited diagnostic accuracy 1. The patient performs c...
Article
Meyers and McKeever classification of ACL avulsion fractures
Meyers and McKeever classification of ACL avulsion fractures is the most frequently employed system to describe ACL avulsion fractures.
Classification
Under the Meyers and McKeever system (with modifications by Zaricznyj) injuries are classified into four main types:
type 1: minimally/nondisp...
Article
Clermont score
The Clermont score or DWI-MaRIA scoring system is used to assess ileocolonic Crohn disease activity on noncontrast MRI enterography. It is based on the earlier Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity (MaRIA) index, however, it does not require intravenous gadolinium by substituting relative contras...
Article
Night sweats
Night sweats, also known as sleep hyperhidrosis, are a common clinical complaint and may herald malignancy, especially lymphoma, or infections. Patients typically report waking up in the night with sweating so severe that their clothes and bed sheets are soaked through ("drenching sweats") and n...
Article
Achard Thiers syndrome
Achard-Thiers syndrome is a rare condition in elderly postmenopausal females, which is illustrated by androgen excess and insulin resistance secondary to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Clinical presentation
hirsutism in older females
high serum glucose levels
proteinuria
glucosuria
polyuria
hy...
Article
Heidelberg bleeding classification
The Heidelberg bleeding classification categorizes intracranial hemorrhages (hemorrhagic transformation) occurring after ischemic stroke and reperfusion therapy.
Anatomic description
Class 1: hemorrhagic transformation of infarcted brain tissue
1a: HI1: scattered small petechiae, no mass effe...
Article
Intussusception (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Intussusception occurs when a loop of bowel is pulled into the lumen of a distal bowel loop, and is an important cause of acute abdominal pain, particularly in young children.
Reference article
This is a summary article; ...
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