Items tagged “refs”
2,968 results found
Article
Subependymal cyst
Subependymal cysts may either be postnatally acquired post-hemorrhagic cysts or may be congenital (germinolytic). The congenital cysts may result from infection, ischemic injury, or hemorrhage.
Epidemiology
Subependymal cysts are most frequently seen in preterm infants, likely related to their...
Article
Acute encephalopathy
Acute encephalopathy is a general term that describes the clinical presentation of a patient with acute cerebral dysfunction. It is usually caused by viral infections, metabolic disorders, dysfunction of the liver or kidneys, or hypertension.
Acute encephalopathy may occur in adults and childre...
Article
Age related macular degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that affects central vision. It occurs when aging causes damage to the macula. The macula is responsible for fine detailed vision also known as central vision.
Article
Posterior pericardial recess
The posterior pericardial recess is one of the pericardial recesses forming a small space within the pericardium. It arises from the superior margin of the oblique pericardial sinus, posterior to the right pulmonary artery and medial to the bronchus intermedius.
Clinical significance
It may mi...
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Posterior superior aortic recess
The posterior superior aortic recess, also known as the superior pericardial recess or the superior sinus, is one of the variable invaginations of the superior aortic recess and is located posterior to the ascending aorta. It may mimic mediastinal lymphadenopathy or a bronchogenic cyst.
Article
Posterior tibial line
The posterior tibial line is drawn along the posterior aspect of the distal tibial shaft on a lateral ankle x-ray and can be used to assess the sagittal alignment of the talus when comparing side-to-side and/or calculate the posterior tibial line-talar ratio 1,2.
Article
AP Meary's angle
AP Meary's angle or AP talus-first metatarsal angle is used to assess for midfoot abduction/adduction in pes planus and pes cavus to assist with pre-operative planning 1.
Measurement
On a weight-bearing AP foot radiograph, a line is drawn down the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal to ...
Article
Fourth-fifth intermetatarsal angle
The fourth-fifth intermetatarsal angle is used to assess for a bunionette deformity. It should not be confused with the first intermetatarsal angle, used to assess for hallux valgus deformity.
Measurement
The fourth-fifth intermetatarsal angle is formed between the long axis of the fourth and...
Article
Comma sign of subscapularis tear
The comma sign of subscapularis tear was first described on arthroscopy but recognized later on MRI. The comma sign represents a full thickness partial width superior subscapularis tear along with torn superior glenohumeral and coracohumeral ligament insertional fibers vertically retracted via a...
Article
PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS)
PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS) is a broad group of segmental overgrowth disorders that can occur with or without associated vascular anomalies, caused by activating mutations in the PIK3CA gene, which are also responsible for the vast majority of isolated lymphatic malformations and s...
Article
Center edge angle of Wiberg
The center-edge angle (CEA) of Wiberg is a measurement in the pelvis which is the angle formed by Perkin line and a line from the center of the femoral head to the lateral edge of the acetabulum. It can be used to assess for conditions such as developmental dysplasia of the hip although only con...
Article
CSF alpha-fetoprotein
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF) has been reported as a tumor marker for some intracranial tumors with yolk sac elements, and teratoma 1.
Interpretation
Elevation
intracranial yolk sac tumor
intracranial embryonal carcinoma
congenital CNS tumors with yolk sac ...
Article
Double emulsion film
Double emulsion film is a type of x-ray film that contains emulsion on both sides of the base. They have a thin layer of emulsion on both sides to absorb light from the front and back of the intensifying screen. Both emulsions contribute to the overall radiographic density of the film. They usua...
Article
Pharyngeal muscles
There are multiple pharyngeal muscles that make up the structure of the pharynx. They comprise circular and longitudinal muscles whose overall function is to propel food into the esophagus. The circular muscles are known as the pharyngeal constrictors.
Gross anatomy
Outer/circular muscles
The...
Article
Superior triangle sign (right lower lobe collapse)
The superior triangle sign is seen with complete right lower lobe (RLL) collapse alone or combined with right middle lobe collapse on PA chest x-rays. This sign can be a useful indirect sign of right lower lobe collapse where typical features are absent.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
...
Article
Notch sign (primary CNS lymphoma)
The notch sign refers to an abnormally deep depression at the tumor margin in contrast-enhanced MRI in primary CNS lymphoma 1. It is not an uncommon sign in primary CNS lymphoma and can be seen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. It suggests an irregular growth pattern as wel...
Article
Gain of function
Gain of function represents the set of laboratory techniques thanks to which it is possible to genetically modify a pathogen (for example a virus) in order to provide it with new capabilities.The field of application of the gain-of-function, in fact, is virology, in order to improve the understa...
Article
Liposuction
Liposuction is a cosmetic procedure to reduce the volume of adipose tissue in the neck, arms, legs and/or abdomen. Areolar fat, a deeper layer of adipose tissue, is the main target and shows a good response to vacuum-assisted liposuction.
There are three types of this procedure 1,2:
power-ass...
Article
Black hole sign (intracerebral hemorrhage)
The black hole sign refers to the non-contrast CT appearance of acute extravasation of blood into a hematoma, for example, an intracerebral hemorrhage, and therefore is a predictor of hemorrhage expansion 3. It can be thought of as an encapsulated swirl sign.
Radiographic features
The black ho...
Article
Intracranial translucency
Intracranial translucency (IT) is the ultrasound appearance of the fourth ventricle in mid-sagittal plane as seen on 11-13 week antenatal scan. It is used as a marker for neural tube defects. Its absence is reported in open spina bifida 1.
Radiographic features
Technique
the fetus must be in ...
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